Nutrients as Ergogenic Aids for Sports and Exercise (Nutrition in Exercise & Sport)

Nutrients as Ergogenic Aids for Sports and Exercise discusses the growing body of information regarding the enhancement of human physical performance by dietary manipulations through ergogenesis. It balances the application of nutritional manipulations between overzealous promoters and recalcitrant cynics. By offering a thorough, comprehensive and up-to-date review of what is known about ergogenic effects of nutrients on humans, it bridges the gap between common usage and scientific knowledge. Nutrients as Ergogenic Aids for Sports and Exercise covers in detail many popular product ingredients not considered elsewhere. It illustrates areas awaiting future research, and offers suggestions for avoiding the pitfalls of performing ergogenesis research. Cover......Page 1 Title Page......Page 2 Copyright Page......Page 3 Preface......Page 6 Foreword......Page 8 Acknowledgments......Page 10 Table of Contents......Page 12 I. Definitions and Historical Background......Page 16 III. Foodstuffs as Banned Substances......Page 18 A. Anabolic Steroids......Page 20 A. Hydration and Electrolyte Replacement......Page 24 1. Guidelines for Hydration......Page 25 A. Classical (Astrand) Regimen......Page 26 C. Carbohydrate Loading — Indications......Page 27 3. Carbohydrate Replenishment During Exercise......Page 28 4. Post-Exercise Carbohydrate Replenishment......Page 29 C. Protein Intake and Physical Performance......Page 30 2. Protein Intake and Muscle Mass......Page 31 3. Dietary Protein Supplements — Sophisticated Variety of Choices......Page 33 4. Summary of Ergogenic Effects of Protein......Page 34 1. Omega-3 Fatty Acids — Performance Implications......Page 35 A. Human Studies......Page 36 2. Medium-Chain Triglycerides (MCTs) — Ergogenic Properties......Page 37 2. Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)......Page 40 5. Cobalamins (Vitamin B12)......Page 43 8. B-complex Vitamin Mixtures......Page 44 9. Summary and Guidelines......Page 47 B. Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)......Page 49 1. Summary and Guidelines......Page 51 2. Vitamin D (Calciferols)......Page 53 3. Vitamin E (Tocopherols)......Page 54 4. Vitamin K (Menadiones and Phylloquinones......Page 56 B. Human Studies with Bicarbonate......Page 58 II. Antioxidants......Page 59 A. Human Studies......Page 60 B. Summary and Guidelines......Page 61 B. Human Studies......Page 62 C. Summary and Guidelines......Page 63 A. Mechanisms of Action......Page 64 2. Carnitine Supplementation and Exercise......Page 65 C. Summary and Guidelines......Page 69 A. Mechanisms of Action......Page 70 B. Human Studies......Page 71 VI. Creatine......Page 74 B. Choline......Page 75 C. Dimethylglycine (DMG) and Pangamic AcId......Page 76 1. Dmg Safety......Page 77 A. Inosine......Page 78 B. Adenine......Page 79 II. Calcium......Page 80 III. Magnesium......Page 81 V. Phosphates......Page 82 VII. Selenium......Page 84 VIII. Chromium......Page 85 A. Somatotropin Release......Page 86 C. Ammonia Detoxification......Page 87 III. Aspartic Acid......Page 88 V. Glutamate......Page 89 A. Human Exercise......Page 90 VII. Lysine......Page 91 B. Other Properties......Page 92 X. Tryptophan......Page 93 XI. Summary of Amino Acid Ergogenic Properties......Page 94 I. Mixtures of Micronutrients......Page 96 II. Specific Macronutrient Manipulation......Page 97 A. Introduction......Page 100 C. Factors Affecting Caffeine Research......Page 101 D. Physiological Effects of Caffeine......Page 105 E. Performance Effects of Caffeine......Page 106 III. Ferulates......Page 107 IV. Gelatin......Page 108 B. Human Studies......Page 109 C. Summary and Guidelines......Page 110 B. Human Studies......Page 111 VII. Pollen......Page 112 VIII. Succinates......Page 113 IX. Commercially Available Substances with No Testing......Page 114 II. Placebo Effects......Page 116 IV. Sufficiency of Current Research......Page 119 V. Nutritional Ergogenic Aids — Foods or Drugs......Page 120 Chapter 10: Summary and Guidelines for Use of Nutritional Ergogenic Aids......Page 122 References......Page 124 Index......Page 168 Nutritional ergogenic aids are defined as dietary components that are ingested in order to enhance or improve exercise and/or sports performance. Presents findings on nonnutritional ergogenic aids and available information on nutritional ergogenic aids. Discusses banned foodstuffs and pharmacological substances, macronutrients, vitamins, metabolic intermediates, minerals, amino acids, dietary substances not required in human metabolism, etc This book provides the setting for indepth exploration of the many and varied aspects of nutrition and exercise, including sport. It is useful for scientists, physicians, and a broad range of healthcare providers and individuals who participate in exercise and sport.