Nutraceuticals in Brain Health and Beyond

__Nutraceuticals in Brain Health and Beyond__ focuses on a variety of health disorders where intervention with nutritional supplements prove valuable, such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, autism, and attention-deficit disorder in children. In addition, __Nutraceuticals in Brain Health and Beyond__ addresses "herb-nutra psychiatry" which is a field of research focused on developing a comprehensive, cohesive, and scientifically rigorous evidence base to shift conceptual thinking around the role of diet and nutrition in mental health. Intended for nutrition researchers, nutritionists, dieticians, regulatory bodies, health professionals, and students studying related fields, __Nutraceuticals in Brain Health and Beyond__ will be a useful reference in understanding the links between nutrition and brain health. • Contains extensive coverage of vitamins, minerals, botanicals, and other nutrients • Offers novel insight into cognitive dysfunctions including depression and other neurodegenerative disorders • Explores the role of genomics and epigenetics, including discussion of the gut–brain axis Front Cover Nutraceuticals in Brain Health and Beyond Nutraceuticals in Brain Health and Beyond Copyright Contents Contributors 1 - Introduction References 2 - Role of food or food component in brain health Introduction Energy status and brain health Neuroactive in foods Omega-3 and phytochemicals: potential future therapeutic candidates Cognition beyond foods: just diet or lifestyle pattern? Food ``liking'' versus food ``wanting'' Diet, aging, and neurodegenerative diseases Diet, cognition, and epigenetics Microbiota-targeted functional foods for brain health Thinking outside the brain Conclusion References 3 - Bacopa monnieri for cognitive health-a review of molecular mechanisms of action Cognition Signal transduction, cognition, and cognitive impairment Factors influencing signal transduction Neurotransmitters Receptors Second messenger system Genes and their expression Structural factors and neuronal connections Cerebral blood flow Approved drugs as cognition enhancers Nutraceuticals for cognitive performance Bacopa monnieri for cognitive performance Neuronal molecular mechanisms of cognitive benefits of BM in relation to signal transduction Effect of BM on neurotransmitters Enzymes/protein regulating neurotransmitters Transporters Effect of BM on receptors Effect of BM on receptor density Cholinergic receptor Serotonergic receptors Glutamatergic receptors AMPA receptors NMDA receptors GABA receptors Effect of BM on second messenger system PKC: PI3K/Akt signaling pathway Effect of BM on regulation of gene expression Regulation of reelin-dependent NMDAR-BDNF expression Regulation of miRNA Gene ontology analysis Effect of BM on structural factors and neuronal connections Synaptic plasticity Neuronal density and dendritic arborization Beta-amyloid and tau proteins Effect of BM on CBF Effect of BM as neuroprotective agent BM as an antioxidant BM as antiapoptotic agent BM as antiinflammatory agent Summary References 4 - Indian medicinal plants as drug leads in neurodegenerative disorders Abbreviations Introduction Methodology Etiopathology of neurodegenerative disorders Ayurvedic herbs: traditional usages in brain disorders Role of Indian ayurvedic herbs in neurodegenerative brain disorders Conclusion Acknowledgments References 5 - Role of nutraceuticals in the management of severe traumatic brain injury Introduction Traumatic brain injury Nutritional management in TBI Herbs and traditional medicines Conclusions References 6 - Understanding the relationship between oxidative stress and cognition in the elderly: targets for nutraceutical ... The aging population What is cognitive aging? What are the biological factors influencing cognitive aging? Oxidative stress Reactive oxygen species Oxidative stress Antioxidant defenses Oxidative stress in aging and disease Oxidative stress and cognition Potential nutraceutical targets for improving cognition via reducing oxidative stress Coenzyme Q10 Overview CoQ10 and oxidative stress CoQ10 as a potential treatment for cognitive decline Pycnogenol Overview Evidence for effects on oxidative stress Evidence for effects on cognition Safety Vitamins E and C Overview Evidence for effects on oxidative stress Evidence for effects on cognition Carotenoids Overview Evidence for effects on oxidative stress Evidence for effects on cognition Safety Polyphenols Overview Flavonoids Nonflavonoid polyphenols Evidence for effects on oxidative stress Flavonoids Nonflavonoid polyphenols Evidence for effects on cognition Flavonoids Nonflavonoid polyphenols Safety Conclusions References 7 - Brain and mental health in Ayurveda Ayurvedic principles of brain health Mana (mind) Brain type Prakriti (constitution) basis the mental, behavioral, and emotional characteristics Brain diseases in Ayurveda - Manas roga Insanity/Psychosis/Mania (Unmada) Ayurvedic drugs used in management of brain disorders Ayurvedic herbs in brain health- medhya rasayan herbs Introduction Scientific evidences on selected medhya rasayana herbs-pharmacological and clinical studies Bacopa monnieri linn. (Brahmi) Centella asiatica (Mandukaparni) Convolvulus pluricaulis Choisy. (Sankhapushpi) Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi) Glycyrrhiza glabra (Yastimadhu) Nardostachys jatamansi (Jatamansi) Valeriana wallichii (Tagar) Celastrus paniculatus Willd. (Jyotishmati) Clitoria ternatea Linn. (Aparajita) Acorus calamus (Vacha) Acknowledgment References 8 - 10 Persian herbal medicines used for brain health Introduction Herbal medicines for brain health Individual herbs Brassica nigra (L.) Koch (Basionym: Sinapis nigra L.) Cinnamomum verum J.Presl (Synonym: Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume) Crocus sativus L. Lavandula stoechas L. Melissa officinalis L. Phyllanthus emblica L. Piper nigrum L. Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merrill & Perry (Synonym: Eugenia caryophyllata Thunb.) Terminallia chebula Retz Zingiber officinale Roscoe Polyherbal formulations and synergistic effects Conclusion References 9 - Beneficial effects of nutraceuticals in healthy brain aging Introduction Brain aging and associated neurodegenerative diseases Curcumin in healthy brain aging Gingerol in healthy brain aging Gingko biloba in healthy brain aging Ginseng in healthy brain aging Quercetin in healthy brain aging Resveratrol in healthy brain aging Ascorbic acid in healthy brain aging α-Tocopherol in healthy brain aging Crocin in healthy brain aging Ellagic acid in healthy brain aging Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) in healthy brain aging Calorie restriction mimetic in healthy brain aging Conclusion Acknowledgments References 10 - Investigating the acute effect of pomegranate extract on indicators of cognitive function in human volunteers: ... Introduction Methods and materials Study design Study participants Treatment protocol Pomegranate extract and placebo capsule profiles Biochemical and physiological measures Salivary glucocorticoids Blood pressure Computerized Mental Performance Assessment System (COMPASS) for cognitive and mood assessment Task order and cognitive function tested Calculation of composite domain scores Domains are created using the following calculations Statistics Results Biochemical and cardiovascular measures Assessment of cognitive function Within-group effects Between-group effects Discussion Limitations Potential mechanisms Conclusions References Further reading 11 - Glucosinolates: paradoxically beneficial in fighting both brain cell death and cancer Introduction Background and significance Antiapoptotic/maternal dietary supplement Sulforaphane protection pathway (Nrf2/ARE) Placenta Perinatal brain injury FASD Lung Malaria Schizophrenia Developmental origins of health in adult disease Proapoptotic/anticancer Reactive oxidant species generation Signaling apoptosis through the extrinsic pathway Redox signaling Effect on HDAC enzymes ERK pathway Activation of tumor suppressor genes: p53, p21, p27, and p73 Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress The effect on cancer stem cells The effect on SMYD3 genes NrF2-ARE signaling pathway AMPK and SFA toxicity and protection Conclusion Acknowledgments References 12 - Efficacy of dietary polyphenols for neuroprotective effects and cognitive improvements Introduction Neuroprotective effects of curcumin Neuroprotective effects of resveratrol Neuroprotective effects of EGCG isolated from green tea Application of other polyphenolic compounds in human central nervous system functions Conclusion References 13 - The gut microbiota-brain axis and role of probiotics Introduction Gut microbiota Gut microbiome and the gut-brain axis Impact of gut microbiota on CNS Gut microbiota-brain communication How does gut microbiota affect the brain? Neuroanatomical pathways Neuroendocrine-hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis Neurotransmitters and neural regulators synthesized by intestinal bacteria Intestinal mucosal barrier and blood-brain barrier (barrier system) Microbiota-gut-brain axis and depression Microbiota-gut-brain axis and autism Microbiota-gut-brain axis and aging Microbiota-gut-brain axis and obesity Role of diet in the microbiota-gut-brain axis Prebiotics and probiotics Conclusion References 14 - The gut microbiome: its role in brain health Introduction The human gut microbiome-a new frontier in medicine The history of microbiome research The human microbiome project-harnessing modern lab technology Modern links between microbiome and human behavior What microorganisms constitute the gut microbiome? Dysbiosis Microbiome analysis Linking the gut microbiome to the brain The GI tract and its microbiome as an ecosystem How the microbiota shift rapidly with dietary change How germ-free animals help elucidate the mechanisms Shifting the therapeutic emphasis from the probiotic toward the host The intestinal epithelial cell Goblet cells Paneth cells Enteroendocrine cells IEC signaling molecules Dendritic cells The gut barrier The blood-brain barrier The tight junction-effects of exogenous factors The tight junction-endogenous mechanisms Redox-inflammation Alkaline phosphatase Hyperglycemia Circadian rhythm How intestinal microbes communicate with the host From dysfunctional gut ecology to chronic disease LPS, neurobehavioral and neurodegenerative diseases Linking the VN to gut ecosystem communication Other biochemical influences on neural function in the gut-brain axis Extending the roles of neurotransmitters Synthesis of neurotransmitters and effects on the host Serotonin-unraveling the complexities Upstream factors in neural function The role of BH4 in neurotransmitter synthesis The role of BDNF in neurological function Nutrition-specific requirements of the host and its microbiota Nourishing the host cells Nourishing the microbiota Dietary fat Dietary protein Dietary indigestible prebiotics How does nature maintain the gut-microbiome-brain axis? The host cells The microbiota Therapeutic interventions Probiotics as therapy Antimicrobials as therapy Is it time for a host-centric model? Conclusion References 15 - The psychopharmacology of saffron, a plant with putative antidepressant and neuroprotective properties Introduction Traditional and ethnomedicinal uses Chemical constituents Stigma Flowers except stigma Tepal Stamen Mode of action Antidepressant effect Neuroprotective effect Anticonvulsant effect Clinical applications Conclusions References 16 - Comprehensive review of Alzheimer’s disease drugs (conventional, newer, and plant-derived) with focus on Bacop ... Introduction Dementia crisis Scope of the chapter Alzheimer’s disease Genetics Pathogenesis Clinical features Current and potential treatments Nutraceuticals in AD Historical origin Scope of the chapter Plant-derived AD drugs Bacopa monnieri Niche and morphology Isolation, extraction, and patent Active constituent(s) Fundamental and clinical research in B. Monnieri in AD Antioxidant and iron chelation Cholinergic system β-Amyloid plaques Neuroprotectivity (neuronal and glial plasticity) Cerebral blood flow Memory impairment and cognitive defects Clinical trials Bacopa monnieri clinical practice Drug development and current practice Adverse effects and safety Conclusions References 17 - Nutraceuticals in neurodegenerative diseases Introduction Role of ROS in the pathology of neurodegenerative diseases Nutraceutical Alzheimer disease Ameliorative effects of various nutraceuticals against the pathogenesis of AD Taurine Curcumin Vitamin C Resveratrol Catechins Huntington disease Parkinson disease Ameliorative effects of various nutraceuticals against the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease Curcumin Taurine Vitamin C Resveratrol Catechins Anthocyanins Morin Quercetin Caffeine Vitamin A Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Ameliorative effects of various nutraceuticals against the pathogenesis of ALS Vitamin E Vitamin C Curcumin Conclusion References 18 - Transforming curry extract-spice to liposome-based curcumin: lipocurc to restore and boost brain health in COV ... COVID-19 pandemic Curcumin pharmacology and COVID-19 Nanotechnology, epigenetics, and PK studies of liposome-curcumin COVID-19 brain rehabilitation: role of epigenetics diet and exercise Summary References 19 - Cognitive health and nutrition: a millennial correlation Molecular signaling of energy metabolism and synaptic plasticity Oxidative damage and cognition Nutrition and neurotransmitters Nutrition and brain well-being Fatty acids n-3 and n-6 Polyphenols Vitamin B family Carotenoids Trace elements Correlation between metabolic diseases and psychiatric conditions Diet and cognitive health Early growth stage Adulthood Cognitive enhancers Active sports and cognitive performance: role of nutritional supplements Diet and epigenetics Nutraceuticals as key drivers for brain health Future recommendations References 20 - Mediterranean diet and its components: potential to optimize cognition across the lifespan Diet, cognition, and dementia Assessment of Mediterranean diet Mediterranean diet and cognition across the lifespan Mechanisms and food components Olive oil Fish Nuts Fruits and vegetables Practical translation into Western countries References 21 - Centella asiatica (Gotu kola) leaves: potential in neuropsychiatric conditions Introduction Psychological disorders Efficacy against mood and depressive disorders Efficacy against anxiety disorders Efficacy against Stress-related disorders Cognitive disorders Efficacy against Alzheimer’s disease Mechanism through β-amyloid Mechanism through neuronal outgrowth promoting action Mechanism through neuronal regeneration Mechanism through dendritic arborization Efficacy in animal models of learning and memory Neurological disorders Efficacy against epilepsy Efficacy against neuropathy and spinal cord injury Neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory disorders Efficacy against drug or chemical neurotoxicity Efficacy against cerebral ischemia Recent advance: nasal delivery of CA extract References 22 - Big data for clinical trials Introduction Role of big data in research Technology of big data Life cycle and management of data using technologies Approach of regulatory agencies Big healthcare data: security and privacy Big data=big prospects References 23 - The multifactorial contributions of Pycnogenol® for cognitive function improvement Introduction Pycnogenol® as a herbal medication Deteriorating cognitive function in the aging brain Mechanism of action of Pycnogenol® Pycnogenol® as a cognitive enhancer References 24 - Advancements in delivery of herbal drugs for cognitive disorders Introduction Herbal drugs in neurological health Factors limiting brain delivery of herbal products Advancements in the brain delivery technologies Coadministration of efficacy enhancers Solid polymeric nanoparticles Lipid-mediated carrier systems Miscellaneous nanocarriers Industrial applicability of these novel technologies and commercial viability Regulatory challenges Conclusion References 25 - Impact of cardiometabolic disease on cognitive function Introduction Cardiometabolic disease The impact of cardiometabolic disease on brain and cognitive health Altered glucose metabolism and brain health Insulin resistance and its relationship to brain health Blood flow, altered platelet function and coagulation, and brain health Atherosclerosis and brain health Inflammation and brain health Oxidative stress and brain health Thyroid function, cardiometabolic profile, and brain health The effect of nutritional medicine on cardiometabolic disease and cognitive function Management aims Diet Westernized diet Mediterranean diet Low glycemic index diet Vegetarian and vegan diet Reduce sugar Vitamins Vitamin B1 Vitamin B2 Vitamin B6 Folate Vitamin B12 Vitamin C Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K2 Minerals Calcium Iodine Iron Magnesium Selenium Zinc Other nutrients Coenzyme Q10 N-acetyl cysteine Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids Conclusion References 26 - Vitamin B6, B9, and B-12: can these vitamins improve memory in Alzheimer’s disease? Vitamin B6, B12, and folate Alzheimer’s disease B6 (pyridoxine) Vitamin B9 (folate) Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) Homocysteine Cognitive decline, dementia, and the homocysteine hypothesis-what is the evidence showing? Alzheimer’s disease and the effect of vitamin B6, folate, and B12 Clinical recommendations and application Conclusions References 27 - Sri Lankan medicinal herbs used for the management of neurodegenerative diseases of the brain Introduction Neurodegenerative diseases of the brain Alzheimer disease Parkinson’s disease Chronic traumatic encephalopathy Frontotemporal lobar degeneration Primary lateral sclerosis Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Herbal medicines that could be recommended for the Neurodegenerative diseases of the brain Therapeutic targets in neurodegenerative diseases Review on medicinal herbs used for the management of neurodegenerative diseases of the brain Gotu kola-Centella asiatica (Linn) Urb-(Apiaceae) Lunuvila (B. monnieri-family: Scropulariaceae) Amukkara-(Withania somnifera-family: Solanaceae) Wanduru Me (Mucuna pruriens; family: Fabaceae) Vishnukranti (Evolvulus alsinoides; family-Convolvulaceae) References 28 - Management of Alzheimer's Disease with nutraceuticals Introduction Alzheimer's disease: the leading cause of dementia Signs and symptoms of AD Understanding the origin of AD Amyloid β (Aβ) hypothesis Tau protein (microtubule-associated protein Tau, MAPT) Apolipoprotein E (APOE) Vascular and mitochondrial hypothesis Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) hypothesis Social and economic impact Management and care of patients suffering with AD Treatment and care Nutraceuticals: an emerging trend in disease management Dietary components of nutraceuticals Vitamins Phytochemicals Flavonoids Flavanols Tea (Camilla sinensis) leaves extract: Ginkgo biloba (Gb) extract Turmeric (Curcuma longa) Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) (CZ) Black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) Ginger (Zingiber officinale) Conclusions References 29 - Nutraceuticals in brain health Introduction to nutraceuticals Historical perspective of nutraceuticals Origin and definition What all can be considered as nutraceuticals? Nutraceuticals for brain health from around the globe Indian traditional medicine Chinese traditional medicine Japanese traditional medicine African traditional medicine (ATM) Traditional Korean medicine (TKM) Traditional medicine of Latin America Nutraceutical and overall brain health: Traditional versus modern outlook Pathophysiology of neurodegenerative conditions Effects of nutraceuticals on neurodegenerative conditions Bacopa monnieri (Brahmi) Ginkgo biloba Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha or Indian ginseng) Convolvulus pluricaulis Centella asiatica (gotu kola) Acorus calamus (sweet flag) Celastrus paniculatus Hemidesmus indicus Trapa bispinosa (water chestnut) Holy basil Semecarpus anacardium (Bhallaatak) Nardostachys jatamansi (spikenard or jatamansi) Panax ginseng (ginseng) Clitoria ternatea Coriandrum sativum (coriander or cilantro) Curcumin Resveratrol Lycium barbarum (Wolfberry) Dietary supplements Traditional versus modern outlook on nutraceuticals Mediterranean diet (MD) Asian diet Mechanistic insights into nutraceuticals functioning as protectors of brain health Nutraceuticals targeting mitochondrial dysfunction Nutraceuticals targeting misfolded protein aggregation Nutraceuticals targeting oxidative stress Nutraceuticals targeting neuro-inflammation Nutraceuticals as neurotransmitter modulators Nutraceuticals from an evolutionary perspective Cross-talk between brain and gut Brain and gastronomic evolutions were simultaneous Do nutraceuticals have ethnic biasness when it comes to their effectivities? Mode of nutraceutical consumption: Food versus dietary supplements Conclusion References 30 - Ayurveda and Brain health Introduction - The brain and the nervous system Ayurvedic perspective of the nervous system-Majja dhatu and Majjavaha srotas Brain patterns and Dosha type Brain aging-Modern and Ayurvedic perspective Neurodegeneration Alzheimer’s disease (AD) Parkinson’s disease (PD) Autism (ASD) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Neuroprotective and regenerative strategies Neuronutrients (Medhyarasayana) Detoxification (Panchakarma) Diet (Ahara) Rejuvenation (Yoga and Nidra) Discussion and way forward References Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T V W Z Back Cover Nutraceuticals in Brain Health and Beyond focuses on a variety of health disorders where intervention with nutritional supplements prove valuable, such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, autism, and attention-deficit disorder in children. In addition, Nutraceuticals in Brain Health and Beyond addresses'herb-nutra psychiatry'which is a field of research focused on developing a comprehensive, cohesive, and scientifically rigorous evidence base to shift conceptual thinking around the role of diet and nutrition in mental health.Intended for nutrition researchers, nutritionists, dieticians, regulatory bodies, health professionals, and students studying related fields, Nutraceuticals in Brain Health and Beyond will be a useful reference in understanding the links between nutrition and brain health. Addresses nutritional psychiatry and cognitive health at all stages of the lifespan Contains extensive coverage of vitamins, minerals, botanicals, and other nutrients Offers novel insight into cognitive dysfunctions including depression and other neurodegenerative disorders Explores the role of genomics and epigenetics, including discussion of the gut–brain axis