Nurturing Indonesia: Medicine and Decolonisation in the Dutch East Indies (Global Health Histories)

Hans Pols Proposes A New Perspective On The History Of Colonial Medicine From The Viewpoint Of Indigenous Physicians. The Indonesian Medical Profession In The Dutch East Indies Actively Participated In Political Affairs By Joining And Leading Nationalist Associations, By Publishing In Newspapers And Magazines, And By Becoming Members Of City Councils And The Colonial Parliament. Indonesian Physicians Were Motivated By Their Medical Training, Their Experiences As Physicians, And Their Subordinate Position Within The Colonial Health Care System To Organise, Lead, And Join Social, Cultural, And Political Associations. Opening With The Founding Of Indonesia's First Political Association In 1908 And Continuing With The Initiatives Of The Association Of Indonesian Physicians, Pols Describes How The Rockefeller Foundation's Projects Inspired The Formulation Of A Nationalist Health Programme. Tracing The Story Through The Japanese Annexation, The War Of Independence, And Independent Indonesia, Pols Reveals The Relationship Between Medicine And Decolonisation, And The Role Of Physicians In Asian History. Hans Pols. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. Cover 1 Half-title 3 Series information 5 Maps 6 Title page 7 Copyright information 8 Dedication 9 Table of contents 11 List of figures 12 Acknowledgements 15 Medical Institutions 19 A Note on Spelling, Pronunciation, and Names 21 Introduction: Colonial Dreams, National Awakenings, and Cosmopolitan Aspirations 23 Medicine and the Ethical Policy 28 Medicine, Politics, Nationalism, and Decolonisation 33 Chapter Overview 37 1 Abdul Rivai: Medicine and the Enticement of Modernity 43 Legal Codes and Social Aspirations 44 Abdul Rivai: Dreams and Aspirations 45 Sleepless Nights: Articulating a Political Program 49 A Rude Awakening: Rivai’s Return to the Indies 58 The First Generation of Indies Physicians with Dutch Medical Degrees 61 Conclusion 65 2 The Enchantment of Cosmopolitan Science: Student Life at the Dutch East Indies Medical Colleges 68 Medical Education in the Dutch East Indies 69 Student Life 73 Teachers and Role Models 81 Esprit de corps 84 Medical Politics and Nationalist Sentiment 86 Conclusion 91 3 The Indies Youth Movements: Progress, Westernisation, and Cultural Pride 93 The First Year of Boedi Oetomo 94 Tjipto Mangoenkoesoemo, the Unification of the Indies, and the Call for Independence 97 Western Civilisation and Its Discontents 102 The Indies Youth Associations 104 Young Java 105 Young Sumatra 108 Minahasa Student Association 111 Conclusion 113 4 Professional Aspirations and Colonial Ambivalence: The Association of Indies Physicians 115 A Medical Perspective on the Indigenous Population 116 The Report on the Reorganisation of the Colonial Medical Service 119 The Association of Native Physicians 122 The Protest of the Union of (European) Physicians 127 Indies Physicians and Political Activism 129 Conclusion 136 5 The Insults of Colonial Psychiatry and the Psychological Damage of Colonialism 138 Colonial Psychiatry and Theories on the Nature of the Native Mind 139 Travaglino’s Psychological Colonial Politics 142 Van Loon on the Mental Characteristics of the Malay 144 Indies Physicians Protest 147 Non-Cooperation 151 Non-Cooperation in the Indies 153 The Association of Indies Physicians and Science 155 Conclusion 158 6 The Great Depression: Rockefeller Initiatives and Medical Nationalism 160 The Opening of the Batavia Medical School 161 The Rockefeller Foundation Comes to the Dutch East Indies 163 Abdul Rasjid: Adat Enthusiast and Advocate of Medical Nationalism 170 Abdul Rasjid and the Association of Indonesian Physicians 175 Conclusion 181 7 Indonesian Physicians in the Greater East-Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere 183 The Japanese Conquest of the Dutch East Indies 184 Re-establishing Medical Care during the Japanese Occupation 186 Discontent among Medical Students 193 Health Conditions during the Japanese Period 196 Towards the Declaration of Indonesian Independence 199 Conclusion 201 8 Medical Heroism and the Indonesian Revolution 205 The Declaration of Independence, Dutch Neo-Colonialism, and the Indonesian Revolution 206 Dutch Physicians on the Indonesian Revolution 212 Taking Sides: Indonesian Physicians during the Revolution 214 The Dutch Military Campaigns, 1947–1948 218 The Dispersal of Medical Talent during the Indonesian Revolution 221 Conclusion 224 9 Medicine in Independent Indonesia: National Physicians and International Health 226 Health in Sukarno’s Indonesia: Plans and Ambitions 227 Health under Suharto: Building a National Health Infrastructure 238 Conclusion 248 Conclusion: The Rise and Decline of the National Physician 251 The Decline of Indonesia’s National Physician 255 Bibliography 263 Archives Consulted 263 Newspapers and Periodicals Consulted 263 Primary Sources 263 Secondary Sources 282 Index 303 This history of medicine in Indonesia widens its scope to cover the social role of the medical profession. Pols' focus on decolonisation and the role of physicians in this political process means this study will appeal not only to historians of medicine but also to historians of Southeast Asia.