Numerical data and functional relationships in science and technology N.s. / Ed.-in-chief: W. Martienssen Group 8, Advanced materials and technologies Vol. 2. Materials Subvol. A. Powder metallurgy data Pt. 2. Refractory, hard and intermetallic materials

For many applications powder metallurgy (PM) is the only way to economically produce so-called impossible materials e.g. homogenous fine grained immiscible materials, nanomaterials, highly alloyed segregation free tool steels or nickel base alloys, functionally graded materials, bonded hard materials or rare earth hard magnets, just to name few. The scope of this data collection is the authoritative coverage of critically evaluated and reviewed data on physical, chemical and mechanical properties, including information available from conference proceedings, company literature and the internationally very different standards on PM materials, industry catalogues and brochures, research reports and scientific journals. The collected data was so extensive that the editors decided to divide the volume in two parts, subvolume VIII/2A1: Metals and Magnetic Materials, and subvolume VIII2A2: Refractory, Hard and Intermetallic Materials. The editors are obliged to the authors which achieved a density of hard core information that will long stay unsurpassed and that is invaluable for application and for all practicians, engineers and scientists, which are working in this field. 1 Introduction P. Beiss, R. Ruthardt, H. Warlimont 1 12 Refractory metals G. Leichtfried 4 12.1 Introduction 4 12.2 Powder production 10 12.3 Powder compaction 13 12.4 Sintering 16 12.5 Properties 22 References for 12 26 13 Hard materials G.E. Spriggs 28 13.1 Introduction 28 13.1.1 Diamond and cubic boron nitride 28 13.1.2 Hardmetal 30 13.1.3 Cermets 32 13.2 Raw materials used in the production of hard materials 34 13.2.1 Diamond and cubic boron nitride 34 13.2.2 Hardmetals 36 13.2.3 Cermets 44 13.2.4 Properties of raw materials 46 13.2.5 Special processes 49 13.3 Production methods 51 13.3.1 Hardmetals - cermets 51 13.3.1.1 Powder milling 51 13.3.1.2 Forming lubricants 52 13.3.1.3 Drying and granulating 53 13.3.1.4 Cold isostatic pressing 53 13.3.1.5 Extrusion 54 13.3.1.6 Injection moulding 54 13.3.1.7 Indirect shaping 54 13.3.1.8 High speed automatic die pressing 55 13.3.1.9 Sintering 55 13.3.1.10 Post-sintering treatments 60 13.3.1.11 Functionally graded hard materials 62 13.3.1.12 Joining and retaining hard materials 63 13.3.2 Diamond and cubic boron nitride 65 13.3.2.1 Natural diamonds 65 13.3.2.2 Synthetic diamonds 65 13.3.2.3 Cubic boron nitride CBN grits 73 13.3.2.4 Chemical vapour deposition CVD 74 13.3.2.5 Polycrystalline products 77 13.3.2.6 Diamond and cubic boron nitride multi-phase products 79 13.3.3 Shaping of solid components 85 13.3.3.1 Hardmetal and cermets 85 13.3.3.2 Diamond and CBN 87 13.4 Properties of hardmetals and cermets 89 13.4.1 Standards 89 13.4.2 Hardmetals and cermets 97 13.4.2.1 General and structures 97 13.4.2.2 Physical and mechanical properties - ambient temperature 112 13.4.2.3 Thermal properties 115 13.4.2.4 Low temperature properties 118 13.4.2.5 High temperature properties 118 13.4.2.6 Chemical properties 120 13.5 Properties of diamond and cubic boron nitride 121 13.5.1 Standards 121 13.5.2 Diamond - natural and synthetic 122 13.5.2.1 General 122 13.5.2.2 Mechanical properties 122 13.5.2.3 Thermal properties 129 13.5.2.4 Optical and electrical properties 130 13.5.3 Cubic boron nitride CBN 132 13.5.4 CVD diamond and diamond like carbon DLC 138 13.5.5 Polycrystalline products 141 13.5.6 Diamond and CBN multi-phase products 142 13.6 Applications 143 13.6.1 Machining 143 13.6.2 Grinding 147 13.6.3 Mining 149 13.6.4 Chipless forming applications 154 13.6.5 Wear parts 157 13.6.6 Optical and electronic applications 158 13.7 Health, safety and ecology 159 13.8 Acknowledgements 161 Figures for 13 162 Figs. 13.1 - 13.91 162 Figs. 13.92 - 13.93 194 Figs. 13.94 - 13.95 196 Figs. 13.96 - 13.127 197 Figs. 13.128 - 13.156 206 References for 13 216 14 Intermetallic materials G. Sauthoff 225 14.1 Introduction 225 14.2 Topical intermetallic materials 226 14.3 Production methods 227 14.4 Intermetallic materials for structural high temperature applications 229 14.4.1 Basic properties of constituent phases 229 14.4.2 Titanium aluminide alloys 229 14.4.2.1 Phase diagrams 230 14.4.2.2 Ti{3}Al-base alloys 232 14.4.2.3 TiAl-base alloys 236 14.4.3 Iron aluminides 239 14.4.3.1 Phase diagrams 239 14.4.3.2 Fe{3}Al-base alloys 241 14.4.3.3 FeAl-base alloys 244 14.4.4 Nickel aluminides 248 14.4.4.1 Phase diagrams 248 14.4.4.2 Ni{3}Al-base alloys 249 14.4.4.3 NiAl-base alloys 252 14.4.5 Silicides 257 14.4.5.1 Phase diagrams 257 14.4.5.2 MoSi{2}-base alloys 259 References for 14 262 1 Introduction....Pages 1-3 12 Refractory metals....Pages 4-27 13.1 Introduction....Pages 28-33 13.2 Raw materials used in the production of hard materials....Pages 33-49 13.3 Production methods....Pages 49-86 13.4 Properties of hardmetals and cermets....Pages 86-117 13.5 Properties of diamond and cubic boron nitride....Pages 118-139 13.6 Applications....Pages 139-154 13.7 Health, safety and ecology....Pages 155-156 13.8 Acknowledgements....Pages 157-157 Figs. 13.1 - 13.91....Pages 158-189 Figs. 13.92 - 13.93....Pages 190-191 Figs. 13.94 - 13.95....Pages 192-192 Figs. 13.96 - 13.127....Pages 193-201 Figs. 13.128 - 13.156....Pages 202-211 References for 13....Pages 212-220 14 Intermetallic materials....Pages 221-224 14.4 Intermetallic materials for structural high temperature applications....Pages 225-257 References for 14....Pages 258-265 This index is a guide to organic compounds which have material constants of general interest described in the Landolt Boernstein New Series. This index is a guide to organic compounds which have material constants of general interest described in the Landolt Börnstein New Series.