هسته‌ها و ذرات: مقدمه‌ای بر فیزیک هسته‌ای و زیرهسته‌ای

Preface to the Second Edition Preface to the First Edition Selected Bibliography CHAPTER 1 History and Introduction 1-1 UNITS 1-2 TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINITIONS BIBLIOGRAPHY PROBLEMS PART 1 TOOLS CHAPTER 2 The Passage of Radiations through Matter 2-1 INTRODUCTION 2-2 RUTHERFORD SCATTERING 2-3 ENERGY LOSS DUE TO IONIZATION 2-4 ENERGY LOSS OF ELECTRONS 2-5 POLARIZATION EFFECTS-CERENKOV RADIATION 2-6 IONIZATION IN GASES AND SEMICONDUCTORS 2-7 MULTIPLE SCATTERING 2-8 STRAGGLING 2-9 PASSAGE OF GAMMA RAYS THROUGH MATTER 2-10 RADIATION LOSS BY FAST ELECTRONS 2-11 RADIATION LENGTH; SHOWERS 2-12 POSITRON ANNIHILATION 2-13 POLARIZATION PHENOMENA BIBLIOGRAPHY PROBLEMS CHAPTER 3 Detection Methods for Nuclear Radiations 3-1 CLASSIFICATION 3-2 IONIZATION CHAMBERS AND SOLID-STATE DETECTORS 3-3 PROPORTIONAL AND GEIGER-MULLER COUNTERS 3-4 SCINTILLATION COUNTERS 3-5 CERENKOV COUNTERS 3-6 PHOTOGRAPHIC EMULSIONS 3-7 NUCLEAR TRACKS IN SOLIDS 3-8 CLOUD CHAMBERS 3-9 BUBBLE CHAMBERS 3-10 SPARK CHAMBER AND STREAMER CHAMBER 3-11 ELECTRONICS 3-12 COMPLEX NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS 3-13 CHARGED-PARTICLE SPECTROMETERS 3-14 GAMMA-RAY SPECTROMETERS BIBLIOGRAPHY PROBLEMS CHAPTER 4 Particle Accelerators 4-1 INTRODUCTION AND CLASSIFICATION 4-2 POTENTIAL-DROP ACCELERATORS 4-3 THE BETATRON 4-4 THE CYCLOTRON 4-5 PHASE OSCILLATIONS AND STABILITY 4-6 THE SYNCHROTRON AND PROTON SYNCHROTRON 4-7 STRONG FOCUSING 4-8 LINEAR ACCELERATORS 4-9 COLLIDING BEAMS 4-10 BEAM-TRANSPORT APPARATUS BIBLIOGRAPHY PROBLEMS CHAPTER 5 Radioactive Decay 5-1 CONTINUUM THEORY-ONE SUBSTANCE 5-2 CONTINUUM THEORY-MORE THAN ONE SUBSTANCE 5-3 BRANCHING 5-4 SOME UNITS USED IN RADIOACTIVITY; DOSIMETRY 5-5 FLUCTUATIONS IN RADIOACTIVE DECAY-GENERAL THEORY 5-6 FLUCTUATIONS IN RADIOACTIVE DECAY-APPLICATIONS 5-7 METHOD OF MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD 5-8 METHODS OF MEASURING DECAY CONSTANTS 5-9 CHRONOLOGICAL AND GEOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS BIBLIOGRAPHY PROBLEMS PART 2 THE NUCLEUS CHAPTER 6 Elements of the Nuclear Structure and Systematics 6-1 CHARGE 6-2 MASS 6-3 NUCLEAR RADII 6-4 MESIC AND EXOTIC ATOMS 6-5 NUCLEAR STATISTICS 6-6 THE NUCLEUS AS A FERMI GAS 6-7 THE LIQUID DROP MODEL 6-8 ELECTRIC MOMENTS OF NUCLEI 6-9 SPIN AND MAGNETIC MOMENTS I 6-10 SPIN AND MAGNETIC MOMENTS (MEASUREMENTS) II 6-11 NUCLEAR POLARIZATION 6-12 VALUES OF SPIN, MAGNETIC MOMENTS, AND QUADRUPOLE MOMENTS 6-13 SHELL MODEL 6-14 THE PAIRING INTERACTION 6-15 COLLECTIVE NUCLEAR MODEL 6-16 ROTATIONAL LEVELS 6-17 CONCLUDING REMARKS BIBLIOGRAPHY PROBLEMS CHAPTER 7 Alpha Emission 7-1 INTRODUCTION: BARRIER PENETRATION 7-2 FINE STRUCTURE OF ALPHA SPECTRA 7-3 SYSTEMATICS OF ALPHA DECAY 7-4 VIRTUAL BINDING BIBLIOGRAPHY PROBLEMS CHAPTER 8 Gamma Emission 8-1 INTRODUCTION 8-2 SELECTION RULES 8-3 TRANSITION PROBABILITIES 8-4 INTERNAL CONVERSION 8-5 NUCLEAR ISOMERISM 8-6 ANGULAR CORRELATIONS IN GAMMA EMISSION 8-7 COULOMB EXCITATION 8-8 NUCLEAR FLUORESCENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY PROBLEMS CHAPTER 9 Beta Decay 9-1 INTRODUCTION 9-2 EXPERIMENTS ON THE NEUTRINO 9-3 ENERGETICS OF BETA DECAY 9-4 CLASSIFICATION OF INTERACTIONS. PARITY 9-5 FERMI'S THEORY OF BETA DECAY 9-6 MATRIX ELEMENT 9-7 FURTHER EXPERIMENTS ON THE WEAK INTERACTION 9-8 THEORY OF THE BETA INTERACTION 9-9 QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF SOME MATRIX ELEMENTS 9-10 CONSERVATION OF LEPTONS 9-11 UNIVERSAL FERMI INTERACTION BIBLIOGRAPHY PROBLEMS CHAPTER 10 The Two-Body Systems and Nuclear Forces 10-1 THE DEUTERON 10-2 LOW-ENERGY NEUTRON-PROTON SCATTERING 10-3 PROTON-PROTON SYSTEM AND SCATTERING 10-4 CHARGE INDEPENDENCE OF NUCLEAR FORCES-ISOTOPIC SPIN 10-5 SPIN-DEPENDENT AND TENSOR FORCES 10-6 NUCLEON-NUCLEON FORCES; EXCHANGE FORCES 10-7 POLARIZATION; HIGH-ENERGY NUCLEAR SCATTERING 10-8 CAPTURE OF SLOW NEUTRONS BY HYDROGEN 10-9 PHOTODISINTEGRATION OF THE DEUTERON BIBLIOGRAPHY PROBLEMS CHAPTER 11 Nuclear Reactions 11-1 INTRODUCTION 11-2 GENERAL FEATURES OF CROSS SECTIONS 11-3 INVERSE REACTION-DETAILED BALANCE 11-4 REACTION MECHANISMS. THE COMPOUND NUCLEUS (QUALITATIVE) 11-5 FORMAL DEVELOPMENTS-SCATTERING MATRIX 11-6 RESONANCES 11-7 OPTICAL MODEL 11-8 COMPOUND NUCLEUS-LEVEL DENSITY 11-9 DIRECT REACTIONS 11-10 THE FISSION PROCESS 11-11 HEAVY-ION NUCLEAR REACTIONS 11-12 PHOTONUCLEAR REACTIONS 11-13 "INTERMEDIATE ENERGY" REACTIONS BIBLIOGRAPHY PROBLEMS CHAPTER 12 Neutrons 2-1 NEUTRON SOURCES 12-2 SLOWING DOWN OF NEUTRONS 12-3 ENERGY DISTRIBUTIONS OF NEUTRONS FROM A MONOENERGETIC SOURCE 12-4 MEAN DISTANCE FROM A POINT SOURCE VS. ENERGY 12-5 DIFFUSION THEORY-INTRODUCTION 12-6 THE AGE EQUATION 12-7 DIFFUSION OF THERMAL NEUTRONS 12-8 CHAIN-REACTING PILE 12-9 PILE KINETICS 12-10 BREEDING AND CONVERTING 12-11 FUSION REACTIONS 12-12 EFFECT OF CHEMICAL BINDING OF HYDROGEN SCATTERER 12-13 LOW-ENERGY SCATTERING FROM COMPLEX NUCLEI 12-14 DETERMINATION OF SCATTERING LENGTHS 12-15 SCATTERING IN ORTHO- AND PARAHYDROGEN 12-16 INTERFERENCE PHENOMENA IN CRYSTALS 12-17 INDEX OF REFRACTION 12-18 POLARIZATION OF SLOW-NEUTRON BEAMS BIBLIOGRAPHY PROBLEMS PART 3 PARTICLES CHAPTER 13 Introduction to Particle Physics 13-1 GENERAL IDEAS, NOMENCLATURE, AND CATALOGUE OF PARTICLES 13-2 ASSOCIATED PRODUCTION; STRANGENESS 13-3 INTERACTIONS; CONSERVATION LAWS 13-4 SOME NEW SYMMETRIES AND SELECTION RULES 13-5 CPT THEOREM 13-6 CROSSING RELATIONS 13-7 EXPERIMENTS ON MASS, LIFE, AND OTHER PARTICLE PROPERTIES BIBLIOGRAPHY PROBLEMS CHAPTER 14 Leptons 14-1 NEUTRINOS 14-2 MUON PRODUCTION AND DECAY 14-3 MUON CAPTURE 14-4 SPIN AND MAGNETIC MOMENT OF MUONS BIBLIOGRAPHY PROBLEMS CHAPTER 15 Pions and Other Bosons 15-1 THE YUKAWA INTERACTION 15-2 SPIN OF THE PIONS 15-3 INTRINSIC PARITY 15-4 ISOTOPIC SPIN OF PIONS 15-5 PION-NUCLEON SCATTERING AND RESONANCES 15-6 NUCLEAR-COLLISION PRODUCTION AND PHOTOPRODUCTION OF PIONS 15-7 THE p, co, AND OTHER STRONGLY DECAYING BOSONS 15-8 DALITZ PLOTS 15-9 THE rl AND K MESONS 15-10 PERIPHERAL COLLISIONS BIBLIOGRAPHY PROBLEMS CHAPTER 16 Baryons 16-1 BARYON GENERATION 16-2 BARYON SPIN MEASUREMENTS 16-3 HYPERFRAGMENTS BIBLIOGRAPHY PROBLEMS CHAPTER 17 Classification of Hadrons, Quarks, and SU (3) 17-1 SAKATA'S MODEL; QUARKS 17-2 COMBINATION OF QUARKS 17-3 MASS FORMULAS 17-4 CROSS-SECTION PREDICTIONS BY SU(3) AND QUARKS 17-5 REGGE RECURRENCES 17-6 CHARM 17-7 COLOR BIBLIOGRAPHY PROBLEMS CHAPTER 18 Form Factors and a+e- collisions 18-1 FORM FACTORS FOR NUCLEONS 18-2 ELECTRON-PROTON INELASTIC SCATTERING 18-3 ELECTRON-POSITRON COLLISIONS 18-4 THE p-PARTICLES BIBLIOGRAPHY PROBLEMS CHAPTER 19 Weak Interactions Revisited 19-1 CONSERVED CURRENT 19-2 SELECTION RULES IN STRANGE DECAYS; CABIBBO'S THEORY 19-3 NEUTRAL CURRENTS; UNIFICATION OF ELECTROMAGNETISM AND WEAK INTERACTIONS 19-4 INTERMEDIATE BOSONS 19-5 SOME FURTHER EXAMPLES OF WEAK DECAYS 19-6 THE K°-K° DOUBLET 19-7 CP VIOLATION IN K DECAY BIBLIOGRAPHY PROBLEMS CHAPTER 20 High-Energy Collisions of Hadrons 20-1 INTRODUCTION 20-2 STATISTICAL THEORY OF HIGH-ENERGY COLLISIONS 20-3 MAIN FEATURES OF HIGH-ENERGY COLLISIONS 20-4 DIFFRACTION SCATTERING 20-5 EXCHANGE COLLISIONS; REGGE POLES 20-6 INCLUSIVE REACTIONS; SCALING BIBLIOGRAPHY PROBLEMS APPENDIX A Scattering from a Fixed Center of Force APPENDIX B Effective Range APPENDIX C Description of Polarized Beams (Spin 1/2) PROBLEM APPENDIX D Kinematics of Binary Collisions PROBLEMS APPENDIX E Composition of Angular Momenta Author Index Subject Index Broad in its coverage and simple in its treatment, this classic introduction to nuclear and subnuclear physics is geared toward advanced undergraduates and graduate students of physics, chemistry, and engineering with some familiarity of basic quantum mechanics. The three-part approach advances from a brief history and introduction to cover tools, the nucleus, and particles. The first section's topics include the passage of radiation through matter, detection methods for nuclear radiation, particle accelerators, and radioactive decay. Part two's subjects include the elements of nuclear structure and systematics, alpha and gamma emission, beta decay, the two-body systems and nuclear forces, nuclear reactions, and neutrons. The third and final part introduces particle physics and examines leptons, pions and other bosons, baryons, weak interactions, and high-energy collision of hadrons. Problems vary considerably in difficulty, and several appendixes offer valuable supplements to the text. A Single China Cup From A Tea Set Left Behind When Jews Were Forced To Leave Russia Helps Hold A Family Together Through Generations Of Living In America, Reminding Them Of The Most Important Things In Life. Emilio Segrè. Includes Bibliographical References And Indexes. Includes Bibliographical References (pages Xvii-xx).