Nuclear Radiation Nanosensors and Nanosensory Systems (NATO Science for Peace and Security Series B: Physics and Biophysics)

This collection of selected review papers focuses on topics such as digital radiation sensors and nanosensory systems for nanotechnology applications and integrated X-ray/PET/CT detectors; nanophosphors and nanocrystal quantum dots as X-ray radiation sensors; the luminescence efficiency of CdSe/ZnS QD and UV-induced luminescence efficiency distribution; investigations devoted to the quantum and multi-parametrical nature of disasters and the modeling thereof using quantum search and quantum query algorithms; sum-frequency-generation, IR fourier and raman spectroscopy methods; as well as investigations into the vibrational modes of viruses and other pathogenic microorganisms aimed at creating optical biosensory systems. This is followed by a review of radiation resistant semiconductor sensors and magnetic measurement instrumentation for magnetic diagnostics of high-tech fission and fusion set-ups and accelerators; the evaluation of the use of neutron-radiation, 10B-enriched semiconducting materials as thin-film, highly reliable, highly sensitive and fast-acting robust solid-state electronic neutron-detectors; and the irradiation of n-Si crystals with protons, which converts the “metallic” inclusions to “dielectric” ones in isochronous annealing, therefore leading to opto/micro/nanoelectronic devices, including nuclear radiation nanosensors. The book concludes with a comparative study of the nitride and sulfide chemisorbed layers; a chemical model that describes the formation of such layers in hydrazine-sulfide and water sodium sulfide solution; and recent developments in the microwave-enhanced processing and microwave-assisted synthesis of nanoparticles and nanomaterials using Mn(OH)2. Preface 6 Acknowledgments 12 Contents 16 Chapter 1: Quantum Approach to Sensory Information Processing for Modeling of Disasters 18 1.1 Introduction and Tasks Definition 18 1.2 Data Collection 20 1.3 Data Processing 22 1.3.1 Grovers Algorithm 22 1.3.2 Quantum Concept Formation 23 1.3.3 Example 23 1.4 Conclusions 24 References 24 Chapter 2: Digital Radiation Sensors and Nanosensory Systems 26 2.1 Overview 26 2.2 State of the art 27 2.3 Related Research 30 2.4 Conclusions 33 References 33 Chapter 3: Sensors for Magnetic Fields Measurement in High Level of Penetrating Radiation in Accelerators and New Generation Fusion Reactors 36 3.1 Introduction 36 3.2 Materials for Radiation Resistant Sensors 37 3.3 Instrumentation and Facility for On-Line Measurement of Sensors in Neutron Fluxes 39 3.4 Magnetic Measurement Instrumentation Based on Radiation Resistant Semiconductor Sensors for Tokamaks and Accelerators Diag... 43 3.5 The Long-Term Testing of Sensors and Instrumentation at JET Tokamak 45 3.6 Conclusions 48 References 48 Chapter 4: Formation and Annealing of Nano-sized Atomic Clusters in n-Si Crystals Irradiated with High-Energy Protons 50 4.1 Introduction 50 4.2 Experimental 52 4.3 Analysis of Experimental Data 54 4.4 Theorizing 60 4.5 Comparison Between Theory and Experiment 63 4.6 Conclusions 65 References 67 Chapter 5: Luminescence Efficiency of Cadmium Selenide/Zinc Sulfide (CdSe/ZnS) Quantum Dot Nanoparticle Sensors Under X-Ray Excitation 69 5.1 Introduction 70 5.2 Materials and Methods 71 5.2.1 Quantum Dot Sample Preparation 71 5.2.2 Emission Spectrum 71 5.2.3 Luminescence Efficiency (LE) 71 5.3 Results and Discussion 72 5.4 Conclusions 73 References 74 Chapter 6: Nitride and Sulfide Chemisorbed Layers as the Surface Passivants for A3B5 Semiconductors 76 6.1 Introduction 77 6.2 Chemical Models of Sulfide and Nitride Passivations 78 6.2.1 Sulfide Passivation 79 6.2.2 Nitride Passivation 81 6.3 Experimental 83 6.4 Experimental Results 84 6.4.1 Sulfide Chemisorbed Layer on InAs(100) Surface 84 6.4.2 Nitride Chemisorbed Layer on GaAs(100) Surface 87 6.5 Discussion 91 6.6 Conclusions 93 Bibliography 93 Chapter 7: Efficiency of Luminescence of (Lu,Gd)2SiO5:Ce (LGSO:Ce) Crystal Sensory Material in the X-Ray Imaging Range 95 7.1 Introduction 96 7.2 Materials and Methods 97 7.2.1 Experiments 97 Absolute Efficiency (AE) 97 Spectral Matching Factor and Effective Efficiency 98 7.3 Results and Discussion 98 References 102 Chapter 8: Microwave in Environmental Technologies and Synthesis of Nano-materials: The Georgian Experience 105 8.1 General Considerations 106 8.2 The Role of Environmental and Nano-technologies for Georgia 109 8.3 Mining and Metallurgical Waste Processing 113 8.3.1 Microwave Enhanced Heating 114 8.4 Microwave Enhanced Leaching 115 8.4.1 Chemical Leaching 115 8.4.2 Chemo-bacterial Leaching 115 8.4.3 Influence of the Pulsed Microwave Pretreatment on the Hardness of Materials in Dependence of the Amplitude of the Microw... 116 8.4.4 Treatment with Ferrous Sulfate and Lime 116 8.4.5 Stabilization by Microwave Pretreatment and Cementing 117 8.4.6 Processing of Manganese Containing Waste and Low Grade Ore 117 8.5 Sampling of Representative Samples of Waste 120 8.5.1 Microwave Pretreatment of Manganese Containing Material 122 8.5.2 Typical Behaviour of Samples 122 8.5.3 Design and Assembling of High Power Pulsed Microwave Generator 123 8.5.4 Lab Scale Chemical-Metallurgical Enrichment 123 8.5.5 Experimental Study of Aluminum Thermal Synthesis of Low-Carbon Ferromanganese and Metallic Manganese from Produced Manga... 127 8.6 Economical and Environmental Efficiency of the Developed Method 128 8.6.1 Discussion 129 8.7 Complex Processing of Manganese Bearing Waste and Low-Grade Ores by Autoclaving Method 131 8.7.1 Discussion 135 8.8 Combined Processing of Mining and Metallurgical Waste and Polymeric Waste 136 8.8.1 Discussion 138 8.9 Processing of the Contaminated Plant Mass and Phyto-remediation Waste 139 8.10 Development of Complex Methods of Stabilization or Uptake of Radioactive Cs from Contaminated Soils Depending on the Type... 147 8.11 Processing of the Fly and Bottom Ashes of Incineration of the Medical Waste 149 8.12 Synthesis of Nano-materials: Trends in Microwave Nano-processing 151 8.13 Conclusions 157 References 159 Chapter 9: Microwave Enhanced Producing of High-Purity Metallic Manganese and Composite Manganese Based Alloys 165 9.1 Introduction 166 9.2 Characterization of Fuels Produced Using the Microwave Enhances Circulated Catalyst 167 9.3 Obtaining Metallic Manganese from Manganese Hydroxide and Sulphuric Acid 167 9.4 High-Purity Composite Alloys (Ligatures) on the Basis of Obtained Metallic Manganese 169 9.5 Conclusions 173 References 173 Chapter 10: From Chernobyl to Fukushima. The Environment is Acting as a Friend or an Enemy? 175 10.1 Introduction - The Nature and the Perfect World 176 10.2 The Chernobyl Accident 176 10.3 The Fukushima Accident 178 10.4 Conclusions 180 Bibliography 182 Chapter 11: Oscillation and Optical Properties of Viruses and Other Pathogenic Microorganisms: A Review Article 183 11.1 Introduction 184 11.2 Methods 186 11.3 Conclusions 198 References 198 Chapter 12: Neutron Detectors Based on 10B-Containing Nanomaterials 201 12.1 Introduction 201 12.2 Neutron Capture Properties of Materials 205 12.3 Physical-Technical Characteristics 207 12.4 Conclusion 208 References 208 Author Index 211 Subject Index 213 This collection of selected review papers focuses on topics such as digital radiation sensors and nanosensory systems for nanotechnology℗lapplications and integrated X-ray/PET/CT detectors; nanophosphors and nanocrystal quantum dots as X-ray radiation sensors; the luminescence efficiency of CdSe/ZnS QD and UV-induced luminescence efficiency distribution; investigations devoted to the quantum and multi-parametrical nature of disasters and the modeling thereof using quantum search and quantum query algorithms; sum-frequency-generation, IR fourier and raman spectroscopy methods; as well as investigations into the vibrational modes of viruses and other pathogenic microorganisms aimed at creating optical biosensory systems. This is followed by a review of radiation resistant semiconductor sensors and magnetic measurement instrumentation for magnetic diagnostics of high-tech fission and fusion set-ups and accelerators; the evaluation of the use of neutron-radiation, ℗l10B-enriched semiconducting materials as thin-film, highly reliable, highly sensitive and fast-acting robust solid-state electronic neutron-detectors; and the irradiation of n-Si crystals with protons, which converts the ĺlmetallicĺl inclusions to ĺldielectricĺl ones in isochronous annealing, therefore leading to opto/micro/nanoelectronic devices, including nuclear radiation nanosensors. The book concludes with a comparative study of the nitride and sulfide chemisorbed layers; a chemical model that describes the formation of such layers℗lin hydrazine-sulfide and water sodium sulfide solution; and recent developments in the microwave-enhanced processing and microwave-assisted synthesis of nanoparticles and nanomaterials℗lusing℗lMn(OH)2 Front Matter....Pages i-xvi Quantum Approach to Sensory Information Processing for Modeling of Disasters....Pages 1-8 Digital Radiation Sensors and Nanosensory Systems....Pages 9-18 Sensors for Magnetic Fields Measurement in High Level of Penetrating Radiation in Accelerators and New Generation Fusion Reactors....Pages 19-32 Formation and Annealing of Nano-sized Atomic Clusters in n-Si Crystals Irradiated with High-Energy Protons....Pages 33-51 Luminescence Efficiency of Cadmium Selenide/Zinc Sulfide (CdSe/ZnS) Quantum Dot Nanoparticle Sensors Under X-Ray Excitation....Pages 53-59 Nitride and Sulfide Chemisorbed Layers as the Surface Passivants for A3B5 Semiconductors....Pages 61-79 Efficiency of Luminescence of (Lu,Gd)2SiO5:Ce (LGSO:Ce) Crystal Sensory Material in the X-Ray Imaging Range....Pages 81-90 Microwave in Environmental Technologies and Synthesis of Nano-materials: The Georgian Experience....Pages 91-150 Microwave Enhanced Producing of High-Purity Metallic Manganese and Composite Manganese Based Alloys....Pages 151-160 From Chernobyl to Fukushima. The Environment is Acting as a Friend or an Enemy?....Pages 161-168 Oscillation and Optical Properties of Viruses and Other Pathogenic Microorganisms: A Review Article....Pages 169-186 Neutron Detectors Based on 10B-Containing Nanomaterials....Pages 187-196 Back Matter....Pages 197-200