Nuclear hazards in the world : field studies on affected populations and environments ; with 28 tables

This book provides updated information on a number of radiologically hazardous areas, based on recent field work. From Chernobyl to plutonium production complexes, from Hiroshima to former Soviet and U.S. nuclear test sites, the relationship between contamination levels and doses in the population and the recovery from hazards are discussed in detail. The author assesses the far-reaching effects of radiological hazards on population, environment, agriculture and more. 354025272X......Page 1 Nuclear Hazards in the World......Page 3 Copyright Page ......Page 4 Acknowledgments......Page 5 Preface......Page 8 Table of Contents ......Page 10 1 Overview of Nuclear Disasters ......Page 13 1.1 The Tragedy in Hiroshima......Page 14 1.2 Survivors......Page 16 1.3 Physical Phenomena of Nuclear Explosion......Page 18 1.4 The Fireball and Radioactive Cloud......Page 20 1.5 Nuclear Test Explosions......Page 21 1.6 Classification of Nuclear Explosions......Page 22 1.7. Nuclear Facility Accidents and Radiation Exposure......Page 24 1.8 Field Investigations of Nuclear Hazards......Page 25 REFERENCES......Page 27 2 Pollution around the Mayak Plutonium Production Complex......Page 28 2.1 A Brief History of the Radiological Hazards in the Southern Urals......Page 29 2.2.1 Muslyumovo (Techa River 1949-1956)......Page 31 2.2.2 Bashakul (Lake Karachay Trace 1967)......Page 33 2.2.3 Karabolka (EURT 1957)......Page 34 2.3 Urals Research Center for Radiation Medicine......Page 35 2.3.1 Strontium-90 in the Body......Page 36 2.3.2 Cesium and Plutonium......Page 37 2.4 Summary......Page 38 REFERENCES......Page 39 3.1 A Brief History of the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site......Page 40 3.2 Thermoluminescence Dosimetry for Exposed Bricks......Page 44 3.3 External Dose Reconstruction......Page 46 3.4 External Dose to Populations......Page 48 3.5 Present Status of Radiation in and around Test Sites......Page 50 3.6 Summary......Page 53 REFERENCES......Page 54 4.1 A Brief History of the Nuclear Disaster on Rongelap Island......Page 56 4. 2 Resettlement Program of Rongelap Island 5)......Page 59 4.3 Radiation Survey of Rongelap Atoll in 1999......Page 60 4.3.1 Cesium-137 Body Burden in Workers......Page 63 4.4 Recovery from Nuclear Hazard on Rongelap Island and Islands to the North ......Page 64 4.5 Summary......Page 67 REFERENCES......Page 68 5.1 Industrial Application of Nuclear Explosions in the Former USSR......Page 69 5.2 Dam Construction Involving Nuclear Explosion......Page 71 5.3 Underground Nuclear Explosions in Sakha......Page 72 5.4 Radiological Conditions around Kraton-4......Page 74 5.5 Underground Radioactivity of Kraton-4......Page 77 REFERENCES......Page 79 6.1 Historical Review of the Chemobyl Nuclear Disaster1)......Page 80 6.2 The 30-km Zone around Chernoby1 in 1996......Page 84 6.3.1 Field Work9)......Page 87 6.3.2 Estimation of Prospective Dose from 1997 to 2047......Page 90 6.3.3 Doses during 1986-1996......Page 92 6.4 Intervention of the Fonner USSR for Radiation Protection of theInhabitants7)......Page 93 REFERENCES......Page 95 7.1 A Brief Review of the Tokaimura Criticality Accident......Page 97 7.2 Evacuation of Residents......Page 99 7.3 Directional Distribution of Radiation in the Residential Area......Page 100 7.4.1 Facts on Dose for the Residents......Page 102 7.4.2 Method of Dose Reconstruction for the Residents......Page 103 7.4.3 Confirmation of Dosimetry......Page 105 7.4.4 External Doses to 41 Houses West of the Accident Site......Page 106 7.5 Summary......Page 108 REFERENCES......Page 109 8.1 Concept of Nuclear Hazard......Page 111 8.2 Psychological Influence and Over-reaction in Society......Page 114 8.3 Summary of Nuclear Disasters Worldwide......Page 115 8.4 Radiological Status of Nuclear Hazards in the World......Page 117 8.5 Body Burden of Radioactivity for Residents in Nuclear Hazard Areas......Page 119 8.6 Decay of Local Radioactive Contamination Due to Environmental Factors ......Page 120 8.7 Revival of Hiroshima......Page 121 REFERENCES......Page 123 A1 Glossary......Page 124 A3 Metric Multiples and Submultiples......Page 125 A4 External and Internal Exposure from Radioactivity......Page 126 A6 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection and Related Values ......Page 127 A7 Radiation Shield......Page 128 A8 Radiation Protection in Emergencies......Page 129 A9 Effects and Radiation Protection in the Case of Nuclear Weapons Terrorism ......Page 131 A10 Nuclear Fuel Recycling ......Page 132 Index......Page 137

The far-reaching effects of radiological hazards on population, environment, agriculture etc., are not yet clear and only limited research is being done in this specific field to date. The author provides updated information in several radiological hazardous areas based on field work between 1995 and 2000. The sites include the Techa Riverside, contaminated by the plutonium production complex Mayak in Russia, the area around the Semipalatinsk nuclear weapon test site in Kazakhstan, Rongelap Island contaminated by fallout from a Bravo 15Mt thermonuclear test on Bikini in the Marshall Islands, Sakha with underground nuclear explosions for industrial application, Zaborie Village, the most contaminated area in Russia due to the Chernobyl nuclear accident, Tokaimura, Japan, exposed to radiation in a critically accident and Hiroshima, Japan. The relationship between contamination levels and doses in the population and the recovery from hazards are discussed in detail.

"The far-reaching effects of radiological hazards on population, environment, agriculture etc., are not yet clear and only limited research is being done in this specific field to date. The author provides updated information in several radiological hazardous areas based on field work between 1995 and 2002. The relationship between contamination levels and doses in the population and the recovery from hazards are discussed in detail."--BOOK JACKET Presents information on many radiologically hazardous areas, based on field work. This book discusses the relationship between contamination levels and doses in the population and the recovery from hazards, from Chernobyl to plutonium production complexes, from Hiroshima to former Soviet and US nuclear test sites