Nuclear Energy, Fifth Edition: An Introduction to the Concepts, Systems, and Applications of Nuclear Processes

Nuclear Energy, Fifth Edition provides nuclear engineers, plant designers and radiation physicists with a comprehensive overview of nuclear energy and its uses, discusses potential problems and provides an outlook for the future New and important trends are discussed including probabilistic safety analysis (PSA), deregulation of the electric power industry to permit competition in the supply of electricity; improvements in performance characteristics of nuclear power plants, such as capacity factor, production costs, and safety factors; storage and disposal of all types of radioactive wastes; advances in decontamination, decommissioning and reutilization; continued progress in evolutionary reactors; increased interest in the role of nuclear power in reducing pollution and global warming. Attention will also be given to the developments in such countries as Russia, Ukraine, France, Sweden, South Korea, China and Third World Countries. The author also looks at the problems of nuclear weapons proliferation and the potential threat from terrorist organizations or reckless countries. In addition, the author has identified Web sites and other electronic information sources to supplement all of the topics covered in this book. * Latest edition with updated content in important subject areas * Free downloadable software accompanies book contents * Revised instructor's manual to accompany book Preface to the Fifth Edition......Page 6 Preface to the Fourth Edition......Page 8 Preface to the Third Edition......Page 10 Preface to the Second Edition......Page 12 Preface to the First Edition......Page 14 The Author......Page 16 Contents......Page 18 Part I......Page 26 1.1 Forces and Energy......Page 28 1.2 Thermal Energy......Page 30 1.3 Radiant Energy......Page 32 1.4 The Equivalence of Matter and Energy......Page 33 1.5 Energy and the World......Page 34 1.7 Exercises......Page 35 1.9 References for Chapter 1......Page 38 2.1 Atomic Theory......Page 39 2.3 The Atom and Light......Page 40 2.4 Laser Beams......Page 43 2.5 Nuclear Structure......Page 44 2.6 Sizes and Masses of Nuclei......Page 45 2.7 Binding Energy......Page 46 2.9 Exercises......Page 48 2.10 References for Chapter 2......Page 50 3.2 The Decay Law......Page 52 3.3 Radioactive Chains......Page 56 3.4 Measurement of Half-Life......Page 57 3.6 Exercises......Page 59 3.7 References for Chapter 3......Page 60 4.1 Transmutation of Elements......Page 62 4.2 Energy and Momentum Conservation......Page 64 4.3 Reaction Rates......Page 65 4.4 Particle Attenuation......Page 69 4.5 Neutron Cross Sections......Page 70 4.6 Neutron Migration......Page 72 4.8 Exercises......Page 77 4.9 References for Chapter 4......Page 80 5.1 Excitation and Ionization by Electrons......Page 82 5.2 Heavy Charged Particle Stopping by Matter......Page 83 5.3 Gamma Ray Interactions with Matter......Page 85 5.4 Neutron Reactions......Page 88 5.6 Exercises......Page 89 5.7 References for Chapter 5......Page 90 6.2 Energy Considerations......Page 92 6.3 Byproducts of Fission......Page 94 6.4 Energy from Nuclear Fuels......Page 98 6.7 References for Chapter 6......Page 99 7.1 Fusion Reactions......Page 101 7.2 Electrostatic and Nuclear Forces......Page 102 7.3 Thermonuclear Reactions in a Plasma......Page 103 7.6 References for Chapter 7......Page 106 Part II......Page 108 8.1 Electric and Magnetic Forces......Page 110 8.2 High-Voltage Machines......Page 111 8.3 Linear Accelerator......Page 112 8.4 Cyclotron and Betatron......Page 113 8.5 Synchrotron and Collider......Page 115 8.6 Spallation......Page 119 8.8 Exercises......Page 120 8.9 References for Chapter 8......Page 121 9.1 Mass Spectrograph......Page 124 9.2 Gaseous Diffusion Separator......Page 125 9.3 Gas Centrifuge......Page 130 9.4 Laser Isotope Separation......Page 132 9.5 Separation of Deuterium......Page 134 9.7 Exercises......Page 135 9.8 References for Chapter 9......Page 137 10 Radiation Detectors†......Page 139 10.1 Gas Counters......Page 140 10.2 Neutron Detectors......Page 141 10.3 Scintillation Counters......Page 143 10.4 Solid State Detectors......Page 144 10.5 Statistics of Counting......Page 145 10.6 Pulse Height Analysis......Page 147 10.7 Advanced Detectors......Page 148 10.9 Exercises......Page 149 10.10 References for Chapter 10......Page 151 11.2 Multiplication Factors......Page 153 11.3 Neutron Flux and Reactor Power......Page 159 11.4 Reactor Types......Page 160 11.5 Reactor Operation......Page 164 11.6 The Natural Reactor......Page 167 11.8 Exercises......Page 168 11.9 References for Chapter 11......Page 170 12.2 Heat Generation and Removal......Page 172 12.3 Steam Generation and Electrical Power Production......Page 177 12.4 Waste Heat Rejection......Page 178 12.6 Exercises......Page 184 12.7 References for Chapter 12......Page 185 13.1 The Concept of Breeding......Page 187 13.2 Isotope Production and Consumption......Page 189 13.3 The Fast Breeder Reactor......Page 190 13.4 Breeding and Uranium Resources......Page 194 13.7 References for Chapter 13......Page 197 14.1 Comparison of Fusion Reactions......Page 199 14.2 Requirements for Practical Fusion Reactors......Page 200 14.3 Magnetic Confinement Machines......Page 202 14.4 Inertial Confinement Machines......Page 206 14.5 Other Fusion Concepts......Page 210 14.6 Prospects for Fusion......Page 212 14.8 Exercises......Page 215 14.9 References for Chapter 14......Page 216 Part III......Page 220 15.1 The Rise of Nuclear Physics......Page 222 15.2 The Discovery of Fission......Page 223 15.3 The Development of Nuclear Weapons......Page 224 15.4 Reactor Research and Development......Page 227 15.5 The Nuclear Controversy......Page 229 15.7 References for Chapter 15......Page 231 16 Biological Effects of Radiation......Page 235 16.1 Physiological Effects......Page 236 16.2 Radiation Dose Units......Page 237 16.3 Basis for Limits of Exposure......Page 240 16.4 Sources of Radiation Dosage......Page 244 16.6 Exercises......Page 245 16.7 References for Chapter 16......Page 246 17 Information from Isotopes......Page 249 17.2 Tracer Techniques......Page 250 17.3 Radiopharmaceuticals......Page 252 17.4 Medical Imaging......Page 253 17.5 Radioimmunoassay......Page 254 17.6 Dating......Page 255 17.7 Neutron Activation Analysis......Page 256 17.8 Radiography......Page 261 17.9 Radiation Gauges......Page 263 17.11 Exercises......Page 266 17.12 References for Chapter 17......Page 267 18.1 Medical Treatment......Page 271 18.2 Radiation Preservation of Food......Page 273 18.3 Sterilization of Medical Supplies......Page 277 18.5 Crop Mutations......Page 278 18.6 Insect Control......Page 279 18.7 Applications in Chemistry......Page 280 18.9 Neutrons in Fundamental Physics......Page 281 18.10 Neutrons in Biological Studies......Page 283 18.11 Research with Synchrotron X-rays......Page 284 18.13 Exercises......Page 285 18.14 References for Chapter 18......Page 286 19.1 Neutron Population Growth......Page 289 19.2 Assurance of Safety......Page 293 19.3 Emergency Core Cooling and Containment......Page 299 19.4 Probabilistic Risk Assessment......Page 302 19.5 The Three Mile Island Accident and Lessons Learned......Page 306 19.6 The Chernobyl Accident......Page 310 19.7 Philosophy of Safety......Page 314 19.9 Exercises......Page 316 19.10 References for Chapter 19......Page 319 20.1 Reactors for Naval Propulsion†......Page 323 20.2 Space Reactors......Page 325 20.3 Space Isotopic Power......Page 327 20.4 Future Nuclear Space Applications......Page 330 20.7 References for Chapter 20......Page 334 21.1 Protective Measures......Page 337 21.2 Calculation of Dose......Page 339 21.3 Effects of Distance and Shielding......Page 340 21.4 Internal Exposure......Page 346 21.5 The Radon Problem......Page 347 21.6 Environmental Radiological Assessment†......Page 348 21.7 Newer Radiation Standards......Page 350 21.9 Exercises......Page 353 21.10 References for Chapter 21......Page 355 22.1 The Nuclear Fuel Cycle......Page 358 22.2 Waste Classification......Page 360 22.3 Spent Fuel Storage......Page 361 22.4 Transportation......Page 364 22.5 Reprocessing......Page 365 22.6 High-Level Waste Disposal......Page 368 22.7 Low-Level Waste Generation, Treatment, and Disposal......Page 373 22.8 Environmental Restoration of Defense Sites......Page 380 22.9 Nuclear Power Plant Decommissioning......Page 381 22.11 Exercises......Page 383 22.12 References for Chapter 22......Page 385 23.1 The Atomic Energy Acts......Page 389 23.2 The Environmental Protection Agency......Page 390 23.3 The Nuclear Regulatory Commission......Page 391 23.4 The Department of Energy......Page 393 23.5 International Atomic Energy Agency......Page 394 23.6 Institute of Nuclear Power Operations......Page 395 23.7 Other Organizations......Page 398 23.8 Energy Policy Act......Page 401 23.10 References for Chapter 23......Page 404 24.1 Components of Electrical Power Cost......Page 408 24.2 Forecasts and Reality......Page 411 24.3 Challenges and Opportunities†......Page 414 24.4 Technical and Institutional Improvements......Page 417 24.5 Effect of Deregulation and Restructuring......Page 421 24.6 Advanced Reactors......Page 423 24.8 Exercises......Page 426 24.9 References for Chapter 24......Page 427 25 International Nuclear Power......Page 430 25.2 Western Europe......Page 431 25.3 Eastern Europe and the CIS......Page 435 25.4 The Far East......Page 437 25.5 Other Countries......Page 439 25.7 References for Chapter 25......Page 441 26.1 Nuclear Power vs. Nuclear Weapons......Page 444 26.2 Nuclear Explosives......Page 445 26.3 The Prevention of Nuclear War......Page 451 26.4 Nonproliferation and Safeguards......Page 454 26.5 IAEA Inspections......Page 456 26.6 Production of Tritium......Page 457 26.7 Management of Weapons Uranium and Plutonium......Page 458 26.9 Exercises......Page 460 26.10 References for Chapter 26......Page 461 27 The Future......Page 464 27.1 Dimensions......Page 465 27.2 World Energy Use......Page 466 27.3 Nuclear Energy and Sustainable Development......Page 468 27.4 Greenhouse Effect and Global Climate Change......Page 471 27.5 Perspectives......Page 473 27.6 Research and Development......Page 477 27.9 References for Chapter 27......Page 480 appendix......Page 486 Index......Page 496 Preface to the Fifth Edition 6 Preface to the Fourth Edition 8 Preface to the Third Edition 10 Preface to the Second Edition 12 Preface to the First Edition 14 The Author 16 Contents 18 Part I 26 1 Energy 28 1.1 Forces and Energy 28 1.2 Thermal Energy 30 1.3 Radiant Energy 32 1.4 The Equivalence of Matter and Energy 33 1.5 Energy and the World 34 1.7 Exercises 35 1.9 References for Chapter 1 38 2 Atoms and Nuclei 39 2.1 Atomic Theory 39 2.2 Gases 40 2.3 The Atom and Light 40 2.4 Laser Beams 43 2.5 Nuclear Structure 44 2.6 Sizes and Masses of Nuclei 45 2.7 Binding Energy 46 2.9 Exercises 48 2.10 References for Chapter 2 50 3 Radioactivity 52 3.1 Radioactive Decay 52 3.2 The Decay Law 52 3.3 Radioactive Chains 56 3.4 Measurement of Half-Life 57 3.6 Exercises 59 3.7 References for Chapter 3 60 4 Nuclear Processes 62 4.1 Transmutation of Elements 62 4.2 Energy and Momentum Conservation 64 4.3 Reaction Rates 65 4.4 Particle Attenuation 69 4.5 Neutron Cross Sections 70 4.6 Neutron Migration 72 4.8 Exercises 77 4.9 References for Chapter 4 80 5 Radiation and Materials 82 5.1 Excitation and Ionization by Electrons 82 5.2 Heavy Charged Particle Stopping by Matter 83 5.3 Gamma Ray Interactions with Matter 85 5.4 Neutron Reactions 88 5.6 Exercises 89 5.7 References for Chapter 5 90 6 Fission 92 6.1 The Fission Process 92 6.2 Energy Considerations 92 6.3 Byproducts of Fission 94 6.4 Energy from Nuclear Fuels 98 6.6 Exercises 99 6.7 References for Chapter 6 99 7 Fusion 101 7.1 Fusion Reactions 101 7.2 Electrostatic and Nuclear Forces 102 7.3 Thermonuclear Reactions in a Plasma 103 7.5 Exercises 106 7.6 References for Chapter 7 106 Part II 108 8 Particle Accelerators 110 8.1 Electric and Magnetic Forces 110 8.2 High-Voltage Machines 111 8.3 Linear Accelerator 112 8.4 Cyclotron and Betatron 113 8.5 Synchrotron and Collider 115 8.6 Spallation 119 8.8 Exercises 120 8.9 References for Chapter 8 121 9 Isotope Separators 124 9.1 Mass Spectrograph 124 9.2 Gaseous Diffusion Separator 125 9.3 Gas Centrifuge 130 9.4 Laser Isotope Separation 132 9.5 Separation of Deuterium 134 9.7 Exercises 135 9.8 References for Chapter 9 137 10 Radiation Detectors† 139 10.1 Gas Counters 140 10.2 Neutron Detectors 141 10.3 Scintillation Counters 143 10.4 Solid State Detectors 144 10.5 Statistics of Counting 145 10.6 Pulse Height Analysis 147 10.7 Advanced Detectors 148 10.9 Exercises 149 10.10 References for Chapter 10 151 11 Neutron Chain Reactions 153 11.1 Criticality and Multiplication 153 11.2 Multiplication Factors 153 11.3 Neutron Flux and Reactor Power 159 11.4 Reactor Types 160 11.5 Reactor Operation 164 11.6 The Natural Reactor 167 11.8 Exercises 168 11.9 References for Chapter 11 170 12 Nuclear Heat Energy 172 12.1 Methods of Heat Transmission 172 12.2 Heat Generation and Removal 172 12.3 Steam Generation and Electrical Power Production 177 12.4 Waste Heat Rejection 178 12.6 Exercises 184 12.7 References for Chapter 12 185 13 Breeder Reactors 187 13.1 The Concept of Breeding 187 13.2 Isotope Production and Consumption 189 13.3 The Fast Breeder Reactor 190 13.4 Breeding and Uranium Resources 194 13.6 Exercises 197 13.7 References for Chapter 13 197 14 Fusion Reactors 199 14.1 Comparison of Fusion Reactions 199 14.2 Requirements for Practical Fusion Reactors 200 14.3 Magnetic Confinement Machines 202 14.4 Inertial Confinement Machines 206 14.5 Other Fusion Concepts 210 14.6 Prospects for Fusion 212 14.8 Exercises 215 Computer Exercise 216 14.9 References for Chapter 14 216 Part III 220 15 The History of Nuclear Energy 222 15.1 The Rise of Nuclear Physics 222 15.2 The Discovery of Fission 223 15.3 The Development of Nuclear Weapons 224 15.4 Reactor Research and Development 227 15.5 The Nuclear Controversy 229 15.7 References for Chapter 15 231 16 Biological Effects of Radiation 235 16.1 Physiological Effects 236 16.2 Radiation Dose Units 237 16.3 Basis for Limits of Exposure 240 16.4 Sources of Radiation Dosage 244 16.6 Exercises 245 16.7 References for Chapter 16 246 17 Information from Isotopes 249 17.1 Stable and Radioactive Isotopes 250 17.2 Tracer Techniques 250 17.3 Radiopharmaceuticals 252 17.4 Medical Imaging 253 17.5 Radioimmunoassay 254 17.6 Dating 255 17.7 Neutron Activation Analysis 256 17.8 Radiography 261 17.9 Radiation Gauges 263 17.11 Exercises 266 Computer Exercise 267 17.12 References for Chapter 17 267 18 Useful Radiation Effects 271 18.1 Medical Treatment 271 18.2 Radiation Preservation of Food 273 18.3 Sterilization of Medical Supplies 277 18.4 Pathogen Reduction 278 18.5 Crop Mutations 278 18.6 Insect Control 279 18.7 Applications in Chemistry 280 18.8 Transmutation Doping of Semiconductors 281 18.9 Neutrons in Fundamental Physics 281 18.10 Neutrons in Biological Studies 283 18.11 Research with Synchrotron X-rays 284 18.13 Exercises 285 18.14 References for Chapter 18 286 19 Reactor Safety 289 19.1 Neutron Population Growth 289 19.2 Assurance of Safety 293 19.3 Emergency Core Cooling and Containment 299 19.4 Probabilistic Risk Assessment 302 19.5 The Three Mile Island Accident and Lessons Learned 306 19.6 The Chernobyl Accident 310 19.7 Philosophy of Safety 314 19.9 Exercises 316 19.10 References for Chapter 19 319 20 Nuclear Propulsion 323 20.1 Reactors for Naval Propulsion† 323 20.2 Space Reactors 325 20.3 Space Isotopic Power 327 20.4 Future Nuclear Space Applications 330 20.6 Exercises 334 20.7 References for Chapter 20 334 21 Radiation Protection 337 21.1 Protective Measures 337 21.2 Calculation of Dose 339 21.3 Effects of Distance and Shielding 340 21.4 Internal Exposure 346 21.5 The Radon Problem 347 21.6 Environmental Radiological Assessment† 348 21.7 Newer Radiation Standards 350 21.9 Exercises 353 21.10 References for Chapter 21 355 22 Radioactive Waste Disposal 358 22.1 The Nuclear Fuel Cycle 358 22.2 Waste Classification 360 22.3 Spent Fuel Storage 361 22.4 Transportation 364 22.5 Reprocessing 365 22.6 High-Level Waste Disposal 368 22.7 Low-Level Waste Generation, Treatment, and Disposal 373 22.8 Environmental Restoration of Defense Sites 380 22.9 Nuclear Power Plant Decommissioning 381 22.11 Exercises 383 22.12 References for Chapter 22 385 23 Laws, Regulations, and Organizations† 389 23.1 The Atomic Energy Acts 389 23.2 The Environmental Protection Agency 390 23.3 The Nuclear Regulatory Commission 391 23.4 The Department of Energy 393 23.5 International Atomic Energy Agency 394 23.6 Institute of Nuclear Power Operations 395 23.7 Other Organizations 398 23.8 Energy Policy Act 401 23.10 References for Chapter 23 404 24 Energy Economics 408 24.1 Components of Electrical Power Cost 408 24.2 Forecasts and Reality 411 24.3 Challenges and Opportunities† 414 24.4 Technical and Institutional Improvements 417 24.5 Effect of Deregulation and Restructuring 421 24.6 Advanced Reactors 423 24.8 Exercises 426 24.9 References for Chapter 24 427 25 International Nuclear Power 430 25.1 Reactor Distribution 431 25.2 Western Europe 431 25.3 Eastern Europe and the CIS 435 25.4 The Far East 437 25.5 Other Countries 439 25.7 References for Chapter 25 441 26 Nuclear Explosions 444 26.1 Nuclear Power vs. Nuclear Weapons 444 26.2 Nuclear Explosives 445 26.3 The Prevention of Nuclear War 451 26.4 Nonproliferation and Safeguards 454 26.5 IAEA Inspections 456 26.6 Production of Tritium 457 26.7 Management of Weapons Uranium and Plutonium 458 26.9 Exercises 460 26.10 References for Chapter 26 461 27 The Future 464 27.1 Dimensions 465 27.2 World Energy Use 466 27.3 Nuclear Energy and Sustainable Development 468 27.4 Greenhouse Effect and Global Climate Change 471 27.5 Perspectives 473 27.6 Research and Development 477 27.8 Exercises 480 Computer Exercise 480 27.9 References for Chapter 27 480 appendix 486 Index 496 Referex Well-known book in a small niche area-- Author well-known, with years of teaching experience