Novel phytoplankton blooms causes and impacts of recurrent brown tides and other unusual blooms ; [this volume gathers the proceedings of the invited lectures of the Symposium on Novel Phytoplankton Blooms: Causes and Impacts of Recurrent Brown Tides and

About The Product Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Coastal and Estuarine Studies Series . A massive phytoplankton bloom, locally termed "brown tide", suddenly appeared in Long Island marine bays in 1985, colored the water a dark brown, decimated eelgrass beds and caused catastrophic starvation and recruitment failure of commercially important bay scallop populations. These "brown tide" blooms, caused by a very small, previously undescribed chrysophyte alga, have directly affected the estuarine environments of three northeastern American states: Rhode Island, New York and New Jersey. Other phytoplankton blooms such as "red tides" caused by dinoflagellates and "green tides" from chlorophytes as well as blue-green algae blooms have long been recognized and studied world wide, however, the unusual nature of these "brown tide" blooms caught the interest of many people. Scientists were particularly intrigued by the discovery of a previously unknown microalga which provided the opportunity to learn more about small microalgae, picoplankters, which are usually ignored due to the difficulty in identifying species. Content: Title Page ......Page 2 Copyright......Page 3 Contents ......Page 5 Introduction ......Page 9 The Phototrophic Components of the Picoplankton ......Page 11 Natural Populations of Picoplankton ......Page 16 The "Brown Tide" of 1985 in Narragansett Bay. RI ......Page 18 Role of Picoplankton in the Microbial Food Web ......Page 21 Conclusions ......Page 23 References ......Page 24 Introduction......Page 30 Materials and Methods ......Page 31 Results......Page 33 Discussion......Page 36 References......Page 41 Introduction to the Ultraplankton ......Page 46 Immunological Assay......Page 48 Materials and Methods ......Page 52 Results......Page 56 Assets and Limitations ......Page 60 References......Page 61 Introduction......Page 64 Materials and Methods ......Page 66 Results......Page 69 Discussion......Page 74 References......Page 79 Introduction......Page 83 Comparative Light Absorption and Chlorophyll Fluorescence ......Page 84 The Reduction of Light in the Euphotic Zone ......Page 85 Optical Applications for Remote Sensing ......Page 87 Acknowledgments......Page 88 References......Page 89 Introduction......Page 90 Materials and Methods ......Page 93 Results......Page 95 Discussion......Page 99 References......Page 102 Introduction......Page 106 Methods......Page 109 Results and Discussion ......Page 110 References......Page 116 Introduction ......Page 121 Background ......Page 123 Area of Study ......Page 125 Sample Collection ......Page 126 Peconic Bay Estuary ......Page 127 Great South Bay ......Page 134 Discussion ......Page 137 References ......Page 138 Introduction......Page 142 Methods......Page 143 Results......Page 145 Discussion......Page 157 Acknowledgements......Page 158 References......Page 159 Introduction......Page 162 Methods......Page 163 Results and Discussion ......Page 165 References......Page 188 Introduction......Page 191 Methods......Page 195 Area Surveyed......Page 197 Results and Discussion ......Page 200 References......Page 210 Introduction......Page 215 Materials and Methods ......Page 216 Results......Page 219 Discussion......Page 225 Acknowledgements......Page 229 References......Page 230 Introduction......Page 231 Methods and Materials ......Page 233 Results......Page 236 Conclusion......Page 250 References......Page 251 Introduction......Page 255 Materials and Methods ......Page 257 Results......Page 259 Conclusions......Page 264 References......Page 265 Introduction......Page 267 Materials and Methods ......Page 269 Results......Page 274 Discussion......Page 288 Acknowledgements......Page 292 References......Page 293 Introduction......Page 297 Results......Page 302 Discussion......Page 303 Acknowledgments......Page 305 References......Page 306 The Model......Page 308 Acknowledgment......Page 315 References......Page 316 Introduction......Page 317 Methods......Page 320 Results......Page 321 Discussion......Page 334 References......Page 337 The Null Case of the Paradox of the Plankton ......Page 341 Conclusions......Page 346 References......Page 347 Introduction......Page 349 Methods......Page 350 Results and Discussion ......Page 353 Postscript......Page 355 Acknowledgements......Page 356 References......Page 357 Introduction......Page 359 Methods......Page 361 Results......Page 364 Discussion......Page 369 Acknowledgements......Page 371 References......Page 372 Historical Perspective of Phytoplankton Blooms On Long Island and the Green Tides of the 1950's ......Page 375 Reference......Page 381 Introduction......Page 382 The Organism......Page 384 Previous Records in the Area ......Page 388 Hydrographical Background, and Gross Extent of the Bloom ......Page 389 General Account of the Bloom ......Page 391 Relation to Other Plankton Algae ......Page 394 Biomass and Primary Productivity ......Page 395 Nutritional Basis for the Bloom ......Page 397 Effects on Other Organisms in the Sea ......Page 399 Toxicology......Page 400 Why Did the Bloom Occur? ......Page 401 References......Page 402 Introduction......Page 405 Hypothetical Bloom Formation Mechanisms......Page 408 Stimulation of Dinoflagellate Growth by Humic Substances ......Page 411 Grazing Pressure on Bloom-Forming Dinoflagellates ......Page 414 Conclusions......Page 420 References......Page 421 The Great Narragansett Bay Algal Bloom and Fish Kill of 1898......Page 426 Sewage Disposal, Weather, and the Red Tide ......Page 430 The Red Tide, Weather Conditions, Hydrography, and Themortality of Marine Animals in 1898 ......Page 438 References......Page 443 Introduction......Page 445 Evidence for a Global Spreading of Exceptional Bloom Species......Page 447 Evidence for Increased Bloom Frequency ......Page 449 Blooms in the Skagerrak. Kattegat and Baltic Sea ......Page 452 Blooms in the Southern North Sea ......Page 459 Nutrient - Production - Bloom Patterns Elsewhere in the North Sea ......Page 464 Nutrient Ratio Hypothesis......Page 469 References......Page 474 Distribution......Page 480 Commercial Landings from 42° - 34°n. ......Page 481 Effects of Environment ......Page 483 References......Page 485 Introduction......Page 486 Materials and Methods ......Page 488 Results and Discussio n......Page 492 Acknowledgments......Page 501 References......Page 502 Introduction......Page 505 Materials and Methods ......Page 507 Results......Page 511 Discussion......Page 524 Acknowledgements......Page 530 References......Page 531 Introduction ......Page 536 Microalqal Cultures. Sea Water, and Filtrate Preparation ......Page 537 Valve Movement Bioassay ......Page 538 Filtration Rate Bioassay ......Page 539 Selection Bioassay ......Page 540 Valve Movement Bioassay ......Page 541 Particle Selection Bioassay ......Page 542 Discussion ......Page 545 References ......Page 547 Introduction......Page 550 Materials and Methods ......Page 551 Results......Page 555 Discussion......Page 561 References......Page 564 Introduction......Page 568 Major Detrimental Biological Effects......Page 570 Miscellaneous Detrimental Effects......Page 577 Effects of Phytoplankton Metabolites ......Page 579 Discussion......Page 581 References......Page 582 Abundance and Distribution of Zooplankton and Ichthyoplanktonin Great South Bay, New York During the Brown Tide Outbreaks of 1985 and 19861 ......Page 591 Materials and Methods ......Page 592 Results and Discussion ......Page 595 Summary......Page 610 References......Page 611 Introduction......Page 616 Methods......Page 617 Results......Page 620 Discussion......Page 631 References......Page 635 Introduction......Page 638 Methods......Page 640 Results......Page 641 Discussion......Page 647 References......Page 650 Introduction......Page 654 Methods......Page 656 Results......Page 657 Discussion......Page 662 Acknowledgements......Page 663 References......Page 664 Introduction......Page 666 Results......Page 668 Discussion......Page 677 Acknowledgements......Page 680 References......Page 681 1. Introduction......Page 684 2. Basic Mathematical Model for Eelgrass Biomass Dynamics ......Page 685 3. Equilibria and Stability of the Basic Dynamical System ......Page 687 4. Nondimensionalized Equilibrium Solutions for a Special Case ......Page 693 5. Discussion......Page 695 References......Page 698 Appendix......Page 701 Introduction......Page 704 Materials and Methods ......Page 706 Results......Page 713 Conclusions......Page 719 Acknowledgements......Page 722 References......Page 723 Issues......Page 725 Discussion......Page 728 References......Page 729 Introduction ......Page 730 Btcamp ......Page 731 Assessment of Pollutant Loadings into the Peconic System ......Page 735 References ......Page 748 Introduction ......Page 750 Monitoring Approach ......Page 754 Modeling Approach ......Page 759 Summary ......Page 765 References ......Page 766 Epilogue to the 2nd Brown Tide Conference Are Aureococcus and Other Nuisance Algal Blooms Selectively Enriched by the Runoff of Turf Chemicals? ......Page 768 Acknowledgements......Page 771 References......Page 772 The possible Role of Lawn Fertilizers and Pesticide Usein the Occurrence of the Brown Tide......Page 774 Subject Index......Page 775 Coastal and Estuarine Studies......Page 788 A massive phytoplankton bloom, locally termed'brown tide', suddenly appeared in Long Island marine bays in 1985, colored the water a dark brown, decimated eelgrass beds and caused catastrophic starvation and recruitment failure of commercially important bay scallop populations. These'brown tide'blooms, caused by a very small, previously undescribed chrysophyte alga, have directly affected the estuarine environments of three northeastern American states: Rhode Island, New York and New Jersey. other phytoplankton blooms such as'red tides'caused by dinoflagellates and'green tides'from chlorophytes as well as blue-green algae blooms have long been recognized and studied world wide, however, the unusual nature of these'brown tide'blooms caught the interest of many people. Scientists were particularly intrigued by the discovery of a previously unknown microalga which provided the opportunity to learn more about small microalgae, picoplankters, which are usually ignored due to the difficulty in identifying species. A symposium entitled,'Novel Phytoplankton Blooms: Causes and Impacts of Recurrent Brown Tides and Other Unusual Blooms', was convened on October 27 and 28 at the State University of New York at Stony Brook on Long Island, with 220 registrants and nearly 50 scientific papers presented by researchers from the united States as well as Europe. The conference documented unusual bloom occurrences of recent and past years on a worldwide basis as well as northeast regional recurrences of the previously unknown'brown tide'blooms. About The ProductPublished by the American Geophysical Union as part of the __Coastal and Estuarine Studies Series__. A massive phytoplankton bloom, locally termed "brown tide", suddenly appeared in Long Island marine bays in 1985, colored the water a dark brown, decimated eelgrass beds and caused catastrophic starvation and recruitment failure of commercially important bay scallop populations. These "brown tide" blooms, caused by a very small, previously undescribed chrysophyte alga, have directly affected the estuarine environments of three northeastern American states: Rhode Island, New York and New Jersey. Other phytoplankton blooms such as "red tides" caused by dinoflagellates and "green tides" from chlorophytes as well as blue-green algae blooms have long been recognized and studied world wide, however, the unusual nature of these "brown tide" blooms caught the interest of many people. Scientists were particularly intrigued by the discovery of a previously unknown microalga which provided the opportunity to learn more about small microalgae, picoplankters, which are usually ignored due to the difficulty in identifying species. Content: