Novel Biomaterials: Decontamination of Toxic Metals from Wastewater (Environmental Science and Engineering)

Current research revolves around trends to bring technology into harmony with the natural environment and in order to protect the ecosystem. Bioremediation involves processes which reduce the overall treatment costs by using agricultural residues. Regeneration of the biosorbent further increases the cost effectiveness of the process, thus warranting its future success in solving water quality problems. Special emphasis is paid to chemical modifications resulting in tailored novel biomaterials which improve its sorption efficiency and environmental stability. In this way it can be used commercially as a simple, fast, economical, ecofriendly green technology, for the removal of toxic metals from waste water particularly in rural and remote areas of the country. Preface Contents About the Authors Heavy Metals: Environmental Threat Cadmium Nickel Lead Chromium Detoxification of Metals Biochelation Chemistry of Chelation Characteristics of a Chelating Agent Chelating Agents and Their Properties Metal Detoxification by Chelating Agents Arsenic Cadmium Lead Mercury Side Effects of Chelation Therapy and Possible Solutions Metal Decontamination: Techniques Used So Far Distillation Evaporation Chemical Precipitation Flocculation and Coagulation Electrocoagulation Ion Exchange Membrane Process Ultrafiltration Reverse Osmosis Electrodialysis Nanofiltration Existing Metal Removal Technologies: Demerits Hyperaccumulation: A Phytoremedial Approach Which Plant? Hyperaccumulation and Hypertolerance Mechanisms of Hyperaccumulation Biosorption: A Promising Green Approach Biosorption: Mechanistic Aspects Biosorption Mechanism Chemisorption Physiosorption Biosorbents Used So Far Biosorption: Application Strategies Assessment of the Competing Technologies Assessment of the Market Size Assessment of Costs of New Biosorbent Designing of Experiments Metal Analysis Using Various Instruments Instrumentation Atomic Absorption Spectrometer Principle Sensitivity and Detection Limit Neutron Activation Analyzer Principle of Neutron Activation Analysis NAA Detectors Detection Limit Accuracy and Precision Sensitivity Photoelectric Effect Compton Scattering Pair Production Simple Counting System General Principle of Detection NaI (TI) Scintillator Detector Multi-channel Analyzer Interference in Gamma Counting Background Radiations Sample Geometry Dead Time Energy and Efficiency Calibration Calculation for Metal Uptake Sorption Isotherm Considerations for Desorption Experiment Statistical Analysis Interpretations Single Metal Sorption Effect of Particle Size on Metal Sorption Effect of Contact Time on Metal Sorption Effect of Biomaterial Dosage on Metal Sorption Effect of Concentration on Metal Sorption Mechanistic Aspects of Sorption Sorption Isotherms and Kinetics Freundlich Isotherm Langmuir Isotherm Reusability of Biomaterial: A Cost-Effective Approach Characterization of MetalBiomaterial Interaction Biosorption BET Studies Scanning Electron Microscopic Analysis (SEM) FTIR Studies Protein as Possible Bioactive Principle Active Sites for Sorption Esterification Propylamination Isolation and Characterization of Protein Quantification of Protein Molecular Weight Determination (Gel Electrophoresis) Characterization of Protein Novel Biomaterials Commercialization Approach Synthetic Modifications onto Biomaterial to Increase Its Sorption Efficiency for Cationic Metals Strengthening of Bioactive Functional Group [COO -- ] Reaction with Anhydrides Reactions with Acids Oxalic Acid Modified SMOS Malonic Acid Modified SMOS Succinic Acid Modified SMOS Citric Acid Modified SMOS Tartaric Acid Modified SMOS Evidence in Support of Chemical Modifications Occurring on Biomaterials Leading to Enhanced Sorption Evaluation of Enhanced Sorption Efficiency of Modified Biomaterial Graft Co-polymerization Graft Co-polymerization with Acrylic Acid Graft Co-polymerization with Maleic Acid Graft Co-polymerization with Itaconic Acid Evidence in Support of Improved Environmental Stability of the Biomaterial Synthetic Modifications onto Biomaterial to Increase Its Sorption Efficiency for Anionic Metals Impregnation of Positively Charged Layer Suggested Reading Index Current research revolves around trends to bring technology into harmony with the natural environment and in order to protect the ecosystem. Bioremediation involves processes which reduce the overall treatment costs by using agricultural residues. Regeneration of the biosorbent further increases the cost effectiveness of the process, thus warranting its future success in solving water quality problems. Special emphasis is paid to chemical modifications resulting in tailored novel biomaterials which improve its sorption efficiency and environmental stability. In this way it can be used commercially as a simple, fast, economical, ecofriendly green technology, for the removal of toxi metals from waste water particularly in rural and remote areas of the country. --Book Jacket