Novel Approaches Toward Sustainable Tilapia Aquaculture (Applied Environmental Science and Engineering for a Sustainable Future)

The global human population will reach nine billion by 2050, and seafood is projected to be the primary food source to sustain such a large population. According to a recent World Bank report, aquaculture will be the prime source of seafood by 2030. Tilapia is one of the promising species for commercial aquaculture and one of the second most farmed fish worldwide. Given the issues raised by Antibiotic misuse in intensive aquaculture, such as the occurrence of resistant bacteria, it is necessary to develop environment-friendly strategies that could be used to improve production in a sustainable manner. Also, there is a need to establish the best aquaculture practice (BAP) approaches to avoid significant disruption to the ecosystem, the loss of biodiversity, and substantial pollution impact on the environment. The book covers the recent findings regarding sustainable tilapia farming through environment-friendly approaches. This book contains chapters that cover the current status of world tilapia farming and the concept of sustainability of tilapia culture (Chap. 1). Chap. 2 discusses the health management of tilapia with a particular focus on various diseases and treatments. Chap. 3 provides an updated view of the possible effects of feed additives on tilapia reproductive performance. Chap. 4, 5, and 6 cover the recent findings on the gut microbiota of tilapia with a particular focus on structure and modulation. Chap. 7 focuses on the use of medicinal plants for sustainable tilapia farming. Chap. 8 provides insights into the application of alternative protein sources to decrease fish meal consumption. Chap. 9 highlights the importance of culture systems for the development of sustainable tilapia aquaculture. We believe the current book will be very helpful to academics, researchers, and policy-makers in aquaculture. Preface Contents List of Figures List of Tables Chapter 1: Tilapia Fish for Future Sustainable Aquaculture 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Nutritional and Environmental Requirements 1.2.1 Nutritional Requirements 1.2.1.1 Protein and Amino Acid Requirements of Tilapia 1.2.1.2 Lipid and Fatty Acid Requirements of Tilapia 1.2.1.3 Carbohydrates 1.2.1.4 Vitamin and Mineral Requirements of Tilapia 1.2.1.5 Nutrition and Immunity 1.2.2 Environmental Requirements 1.3 Comparative Assessment of Tilapia Culture Systems 1.3.1 Biofloc Technology 1.4 Genetic Improvement 1.5 Environmental Impacts 1.6 Some Constraints and Suggestions for Solutions to Tilapia Farming 1.7 Conclusions and Recommendations References Chapter 2: Health Management for Sustainable Tilapia Farming 2.1 Principles of Health Maintenance 2.2 Diseases of Tilapia 2.2.1 Bacterial Diseases 2.2.1.1 Streptococcosis 2.2.1.2 Francisellosis 2.2.1.3 Motile Aeromonas Septicaemia 2.2.1.4 Pseudomonas 2.2.1.5 Vibriosis 2.2.1.6 Columnaris 2.2.1.7 Edwardsiellosis 2.2.1.8 Photobacterium 2.2.2 Viral Diseases 2.2.3 Parasitic Diseases 2.3 Control and Treatment Approach of Diseases 2.3.1 Management 2.3.2 Chemotherapy 2.3.3 Vaccination References Chapter 3: Effects of Feed Additives on Tilapia Reproduction 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Fish Reproduction 3.2.1 Reproductive Strategies 3.2.2 Endocrine Control of Reproduction 3.2.3 Gametogenesis 3.2.3.1 Oogenesis 3.2.3.2 Spermatogenesis 3.2.4 Spawning Dynamics 3.2.5 Puberty 3.3 Tilapia Reproductive Behaviour and Physiology 3.3.1 Tilapia Reproductive Strategies 3.3.2 Tilapia Seed Production Systems 3.4 Feed Additives Administration to Control Tilapia Reproduction 3.4.1 Reproduction Improvement by Using Feed Additives 3.4.1.1 Probiotics 3.4.1.2 Phytobiotics 3.4.1.3 Vitamin C 3.4.1.4 Other Chemical Compounds 3.4.2 Mitigation of Tilapia Reproduction by Using Feed Additives 3.4.3 Hormonal Sex Reversal by Feed Additives 3.5 Conclusion References Chapter 4: Intestinal Microbiota of Tilapia: Characterization and Modulation 4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 Characterization of the Intestinal Microbiota of Tilapia 4.1.1.1 Common Intestinal Microbiota in Tilapia 4.1.2 Function 4.1.2.1 The Contribution of the Intestinal Microbiota of Tilapia on Growth, Development Metabolism, and Immunity 4.1.3 Techniques of Modulation of the Intestinal Microbiota of Tilapia 4.1.3.1 Modulation by Watery Environments 4.1.3.2 Modulation by Diet 4.1.3.3 Modulation by Prebiotics, Probiotics, Paraprobiotics, and Postbiotics 4.1.4 Conclusions and Future Perspective References Chapter 5: Probiotics and their Application in Tilapia Culture 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Modes of Action 5.3 Probiotics in Tilapia 5.3.1 Bacillus Spp. 5.3.2 Lactobacillus Spp. 5.3.3 Lactococcus Sp. 5.3.4 Rummeliibacillus Stabekisii 5.3.5 Paenibacillus Ehimensis 5.3.6 Clostridium Butyricum 5.3.7 Combination of Probiotics References Chapter 6: Prebiotics and Synbiotics in Nile Tilapia Culture 6.1 Introduction 6.1.1 Prebiotics 6.1.2 Synbiotics 6.2 Modes of Action 6.3 Application of Prebiotics in Tilapia 6.3.1 Prebiotics as Growth Promoters and Disease Protection 6.3.1.1 β-glucan 6.3.1.2 Fructooligosaccharide (FOS) 6.3.1.3 Mannanoligosaccharide (MOS) 6.3.1.4 Inulin 6.3.1.5 Xylooligosaccharides (XOS) 6.3.1.6 Other Prebiotics 6.3.1.7 Combination of Prebiotics 6.3.2 Prebiotics as Immunomodulatory 6.3.2.1 β-glucan 6.3.2.2 Fructooligosaccharide (FOS) 6.3.2.3 Mannanoligosaccharide (MOS) 6.3.2.4 Inulin 6.3.2.5 Xylooligosaccharides (XOS) 6.3.2.6 Other Prebiotics 6.3.2.7 Combination of Prebiotics 6.4 Synbiotics in Tilapia 6.4.1 Synbiotics as Growth Promoters and Disease Protection 6.4.2 Synbiotics as Immunomodulatory 6.5 Conclusion References Chapter 7: Medicinal Plants in Tilapia Aquaculture 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Importance of Medicinal Herbs/Plants in Aquaculture 7.3 Bioactive Compounds of Medicinal Plants 7.3.1 Flavonoids 7.3.2 Alkaloids 7.3.3 Essential Oils 7.3.4 Triterpenoids 7.3.5 Phytoandrogens 7.4 Effect of Medicinal Plants on Fish Physiology and Growth 7.5 Medicinal Plants to Improve Pathogen Resistance in Tilapia 7.5.1 Streptococcus agalactiae 7.5.2 Aeromonas hydrophila 7.5.3 Francisella spp. 7.5.4 Edwardsiella spp. 7.6 Medicinal Plants and Improved Immune System: Possible Mechanism of Action 7.6.1 Innate Immune System 7.6.2 Adaptive Immune Response 7.6.3 Immunostimulatory Mode of Action 7.7 Conclusion References Chapter 8: Alternative Protein Sources for Sustainable Tilapia Farming 8.1 Introduction 8.1.1 Animal-Based Protein Sources 8.1.1.1 Meat and Bone Meal 8.1.1.2 Poultry by-Products 8.1.1.3 Feather Meal 8.1.1.4 Insect Meal 8.1.2 Plant-Based Protein Sources 8.1.2.1 Soybean Meal 8.1.2.2 Cottonseed Meal (CSM) 8.1.2.3 Sunflower Seed 8.1.2.4 Rapeseed or Canola Seed 8.1.2.5 Lupin Meal and Pea Meal 8.1.2.6 Linseed Meal 8.1.3 Microbial Biomass and Macro-Algae (Seaweeds) References Chapter 9: Sustainable Tilapia Farming, the Role of Culture Systems 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Biofloc Technology 9.2.1 History of Biofloc Technology (BFT) 9.2.2 Principles of Biofloc Technology 9.2.3 Biofloc in Tilapia 9.2.3.1 Biofloc as Growth Promoters 9.2.3.2 Biofloc as Immunostimulants 9.2.3.3 Biofloc as Disease Prevention Techniques 9.3 Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS) 9.3.1 Brief History of Development 9.3.2 Basic Principles of RAS Operation and Production 9.3.3 RAS in Tilapia Culture References