Not quite white : Lebanese and the White Australia Policy 1880 to 1947

This book focuses on early Lebanese immigration to Australia, a group of immigrants and their descendants who with few exceptions have been largely ignored in the recording of Australian history. This case study is undoubtedly a major statement concerning Australia's development into becoming an enlightened colour-blind parliamentary democracy. CONTENTS......Page 10 Acknowledgements......Page 6 Foreword:......Page 8 Unwilling alien......Page 14 Syrian/Lebanese......Page 15 Writing Lebanese into Australian history......Page 16 The key role of archival research......Page 17 Organisation......Page 18 The impact of immigration restriction......Page 20 A family movement......Page 21 Constructed identity......Page 22 Village ties......Page 23 Religion......Page 24 Socioeconomic background......Page 25 Western style education......Page 26 Characteristics of the early , Australian diasporic community......Page 27 Destination......Page 30 Reasons for migration......Page 31 A visible minority......Page 32 Conclusion......Page 33 Access to citizenship - opposite ends of a continuum......Page 34 Lebanese aliens in colonial Queensland - a study of racially based discrimination......Page 35 Obstructing access to naturalization......Page 36 Single Asiatic males banned from citizenship......Page 38 Circumventing discriminatory legislation......Page 39 Enforcing the Aliens Act......Page 41 Conclusion......Page 43 Desirable or undesirable?......Page 44 A special case......Page 46 Selected entry......Page 48 Prohibited Immigrants......Page 49 The White Australia Policy......Page 53 The Naturalization Act......Page 54 Aboriginal natives of Asia......Page 55 Racial exclusion from citizenship......Page 56 Challenging categorization as 'aboriginal natives of Asia'......Page 58 White and Christian......Page 59 A bureaucratic dilemma......Page 60 Conclusion......Page 63 Employment......Page 64 Citizenship......Page 65 Settlers not sojourners......Page 66 Circumventing the legislation......Page 68 Administering the White Australia Policy......Page 73 Is he a coloured man?......Page 77 Bureaucratic ambivalence......Page 79 Second class citizens......Page 81 Enemy aliens......Page 82 Conclusion......Page 85 Lebanese Occupational Pathways : Making the Best of Limited Options......Page 88 Self-employed traders......Page 89 Lebanese men and hawking......Page 91 Lebanese women and hawking......Page 93 Family enterprise......Page 97 Traders by nature or circumstance?......Page 98 Conclusion......Page 104 No Asian hawkers!......Page 106 Protecting white traders: a Queensland case study......Page 107 The agrarian ideal......Page 111 White workers and white traders preferred......Page 112 Invoice-salting Syrians......Page 113 A negative image......Page 116 Conclusion......Page 117 Lebanese settlement in Queensland......Page 118 Starting out......Page 120 Maintaining the family......Page 122 A geographic cluster......Page 123 Family support......Page 124 Extended family as a determinant of migration......Page 125 Village connections......Page 127 Conclusion......Page 128 The sample......Page 130 Learning English......Page 131 Forsaking Arabic......Page 135 Religion and acceptance......Page 138 The importance of being Christian......Page 139 Religious practice......Page 140 The strength of the family reinforced......Page 144 The importance of whiteness......Page 145 Ignoring the past......Page 147 Reconstructing identity in an intolerant environment......Page 149 Conclusion......Page 150 Chapter 9: Conclusion......Page 152 Bibliography......Page 158 Endnotes......Page 172 Index......Page 210 Not Quite White focuses on early Lebanese immigration to Australia, a group of immigrants and their descendants, who, with a few exceptions, have been largely ignored in the recording of Australian history. The Lebanese Australian story contributes a new understanding of the implementation of the White Australia Policy because although Lebanese do not feature predominately in historical studies of the White Australia Policy, in fact, when it came to its administration, they presented a significant challenge