Normans and Saxons: Southern Race Mythology and the Intellectual History of the American Civil War (Southern Literary Studies)

When Representative Preston Brooks of South Carolina savagely caned Senator Charles Sumner Massachusetts on the floor of the U.S. Senate on May 21, 1856, southerners viewed the attack as a triumphant affirmation of southern chivalry, northerners as a confirmation of southern barbarity. Public opinion was similarly divided nearly three-and-a-half years later after abolitionist John Brown's raid on the Federal arsenal at Harper's Ferry, Virginia, with northerners crowning John Brown as a martyr to the cause of freedom as southerners excoriated him as a consciousness fanatic. These events opened American minds to the possibility that North and South might be incompatible societies, but some of Dixie's defenders were willing to go one step further--to propose that northerners and southerners represented not just a "divided people" but two scientifically distinct races. In Normans and Saxons, Ritchie Watson, Jr., explores the complex racial mythology created by the upper classes of the antebellum South in the wake of these divisive events to justify secession and, eventually, the Civil War. This mythology cast southerners as descendants of the Normans of eleventh-century England and thus also of the Cavaliers of the seventeenth century, some of whom had come to the New World and populated the southern colonies. These Normans were opposed, in mythic terms, by Saxons--Englishmen of German descent--some of whose descendants made up the Puritans who settled New England and later fanned out to populate the rest of the North. The myth drew on nineteenth-century science and other sources to portray these as two separate, warring "races," the aristocratic and dashing Normans versus the common and venal Saxons. According to Watson, southern polemical writers employed this racial mythology as a justification of slavery, countering the northern argument that the South's peculiar institution had combined with its Norman racial composition to produce an arrogant and brutal land of oligarchs with a second-rate culture. Watson finds evidence for this argument in both prose and poetry, from the literary influence of Sir Walter Scott, De Bow's Review, and other antebellum southern magazines, to fiction by George Tucker, John Pendleton Kennedy, and William Alexander Caruthers and northern and southern poetry during the Civil War, especially in the works of Walt Whitman. Watson also traces the continuing impact of the Norman versus Saxon myth in "Lost Cause" thought and how the myth has affected ideas about southern sectionalism of today.Normans and Saxons provides a thorough analysis of the ways in which myth ultimately helped to convince Americans that regional differences over the issue of slavery were manifestations of deeper and more profound differences in racial temperament--differences that made civil war inevitable. When Representative Preston Brooks of South Carolina savagely caned Senator Charles Sumner Massachusetts on the floor of the U.S. Senate on May 21, 1856, southerners viewed the attack as a triumphant affirmation of southern chivalry, northerners as a confirmation of southern barbarity. Public opinion was similarly divided nearly three-and-a-half years later after abolitionist John Brown's raid on the Federal arsenal at Harper's Ferry, Virginia, with northerners crowning John Brown as a martyr to the cause of freedom as southerners excoriated him as a consciousness fanatic. These events opened American minds to the possibility that North and South might be incompatible societies, but some of Dixie's defenders were willing to go one step further -- to propose that northerners and southerners represented not just a'divided people'but two scientifically distinct races. In Normans and Saxons, Ritchie Watson, Jr., explores the complex racial mythology created by the upper classes of the antebellum South in the wake of these divisive events to justify secession and, eventually, the Civil War. This mythology cast southerners as descendants of the Normans of eleventh-century England and thus also of the Cavaliers of the seventeenth century, some of whom had come to the New World and populated the southern colonies. These Normans were opposed, in mythic terms, by Saxons -- Englishmen of German descent -- some of whose descendants made up the Puritans who settled New England and later fanned out to populate the rest of the North. The myth drew on nineteenth-century science and other sources to portray these as two separate, warring'races,'the aristocratic and dashing Normans versus the common and venal Saxons. According to Watson, southern polemical writers employed this racial mythology as a justification of slavery, countering the northern argument that the South's peculiar institution had combined with its Norman racial composition to produce an arrogant and brutal land of oligarchs with a second-rate culture. Watson finds evidence for this argument in both prose and poetry, from the literary influence of Sir Walter Scott, De Bow's Review, and other antebellum southern magazines, to fiction by George Tucker, John Pendleton Kennedy, and William Alexander Caruthers and northern and southern poetry during the Civil War, especially in the works of Walt Whitman. Watson also traces the continuing impact of the Norman versus Saxon myth in'Lost Cause'thought and how the myth has affected ideas about southern sectionalism of today.Normans and Saxons provides a thorough analysis of the ways in which myth ultimately helped to convince Americans that regional differences over the issue of slavery were manifestations of deeper and more profound differences in racial temperament -- differences that made civil war inevitable. When Representative Preston Brooks of South Carolina savagely caned Senator Charles Sumner Massachusetts on the floor of the U.S. Senate on May 21, 1856, southerners viewed the attack as a triumphant affirmation of southern chivalry, northerners as a confirmation of southern barbarity. Public opinion was similarly divided nearly three-and-a-half years later after abolitionist John Browns raid on the Federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia, with northerners crowning John Brown as a martyr to the cause of freedom as southerners excoriated him as a consciousness fanatic. These events opened American minds to the possibility that North and South might be incompatible societies, but some of Dixies defenders were willing to go one step furtherto propose that northerners and southerners represented not just a divided people but two scientifically distinct races. In Normans and Saxons, Ritchie Watson, Jr., explores the complex racial mythology created by the upper classes of the antebellum South in the wake of these divisive events to justify secession and, eventually, the Civil War. This mythology cast southerners as descendants of the Normans of eleventh-century England and thus also of the Cavaliers of the seventeenth century, some of whom had come to the New World and populated the southern colonies. These Normans were opposed, in mythic terms, by SaxonsEnglishmen of German descentsome of whose descendants made up the Puritans who settled New England and later fanned out to populate the rest of the North. The myth drew on nineteenth-century science and other sources to portray these as two separate, warring races, the aristocratic and dashing Normans versus the common and venal Saxons. According to Watson, southern polemical writers employed this racial mythology as a justification of slavery, countering the northern argument that the Souths peculiar institution had combined with its Norman racial composition to produce an arrogant and brutal land of oligarchs with a second-rate culture. Watson finds evidence for this argument in both prose and poetry, from the literary influence of Sir Walter Scott, De Bows Review, and other antebellum southern magazines, to fiction by George Tucker, John Pendleton Kennedy, and William Alexander Caruthers and northern and southern poetry during the Civil War, especially in the works of Walt Whitman. Watson also traces the continuing impact of the Norman versus Saxon myth in Lost Cause thought and how the myth has affected ideas about southern sectionalism of today. Normans and Saxons provides a thorough analysis of the ways in which myth ultimately helped to convince Americans that regional differences over the issue of slavery were manifestations of deeper and more profound differences in racial temperamentdifferences that made civil war inevitable. Contents......Page 8 Introduction: The Brooks–Sumner Caning Incident: Slavery, Honor, and the American Cultural Divide......Page 12 1. Race Mythology, Science, and Southern Nationalism......Page 30 2. Ivanhoe, Race Myth, and the Walter Scott Cultural Syndrome......Page 58 3. A Slaveholding Race: Mythology and Southern Polemics......Page 83 4. Race Mythology and Antebellum Fiction......Page 104 5. A Universal Yankee Nation: Northern Racial Mythmaking......Page 130 6. A Proud, High-Toned People Repudiate the Scum of the North......Page 146 7. Northern Vandals versus Southern Ruffians......Page 180 8. Poetry Fights the Civil War......Page 212 Conclusion: Race Mythology, the Lost Cause, and Twentieth-Century Southern Sectionalism......Page 246 Notes......Page 264 Index......Page 286 Contents 8 Introduction: The Brooks–Sumner Caning Incident: Slavery, Honor, and the American Cultural Divide 12 1. Race Mythology, Science, and Southern Nationalism 30 2. Ivanhoe, Race Myth, and the Walter Scott Cultural Syndrome 58 3. A Slaveholding Race: Mythology and Southern Polemics 83 4. Race Mythology and Antebellum Fiction 104 5. A Universal Yankee Nation: Northern Racial Mythmaking 130 6. A Proud, High-Toned People Repudiate the Scum of the North 146 7. Northern Vandals versus Southern Ruffians 180 8. Poetry Fights the Civil War 212 Conclusion: Race Mythology, the Lost Cause, and Twentieth-Century Southern Sectionalism 246 Notes 264 Index 286 9780807133125 Introduction: The Brooks-sumner Caning Incident: Slavery, Honor, And The American Cultural Divide -- Race Mythology, Science, And Southern Nationalism -- Ivanhoe, Race Myth, And The Walter Scott Cultural Syndrome -- A Slaveholding Race: Mythology And Southern Polemics -- Race Mythology And Antebellum Fiction -- A Universal Yankee Nation: Northern Racial Mythmaking -- A Proud, High-toned People Repudiate The Scum Of The North -- Northern Vandals Versus Southern Ruffians -- Poetry Fights The Civil War -- Conclusion: Race Mythology, The Lost Cause, And Twentieth-century Southern Sectionalism. Ritchie Devon Watson, Jr. Includes Bibliographical References And Index.