Norm Antipreneurs and the Politics of Resistance to Global Normative Change (Challenges of Globalisation)

Over recent decades International Relations scholars have investigated norm dynamics processes at some length, with the ‘norm entrepreneur’ concept having become a common reference point in the literature. The focus on norm entrepreneurs has, however, resulted in a bias towards investigating the agents and processes of successful normative change. This book challenges this inherent bias by explicitly focusing on those who resist normative change - norm ‘antipreneurs’. The utility of the norm antipreneur concept is explored through a series of case studies encompassing a range of issue areas and contributed by a mix of well-known and emergent scholars of norm dynamics. In examining the complexity of norm resistance, particular attention is paid to the nature and intent of the actors involved in norm-contestation, the sites and processes of resistance, the strategies and tactics antipreneurs deploy to defend the values and interests they perceive to be threatened by the entrepreneurs, and whether it is the entrepreneurs or the antipreneurs who enjoy greater inherent advantages. This text will therefore be of interest to scholars and students of International Relations, International Law, Political Science, Sociology and History. Cover 1 Title 4 Copyright 5 Contents 6 List of illustrations 8 Notes on contributors 9 Foreword 12 1 Norm antipreneurs in world politics 16 2 Resisting the responsibility to protect 35 3 Resisting the ban on cluster munitions 54 4 Resistance to the emergent norm to advance progress towards the complete elimination of nuclear weapons 72 5 Rival networks and the conflict over assassination/targeted killing 87 6 Resisting the emerging ‘humanitarian access’ norm 104 7 Resisting Japan’s promotion of a norm of sustainable whaling 123 8 Resisting the norm of climate security 140 9 Additional categories of agency: ‘creative resisters’ to normative change in post-crisis global financial governance 155 10 Contesting private sustainability norms in primary commodity production: norm hybridisation in the palm oil sector 174 11 Whose norm is it anyway? Mediating contested norm-histories in Iraq (2003) and Syria (2013) 192 12 To boldly go where no country has gone before: U.S. norm antipreneurism and the weaponization of outer space 212 13 Resisting ‘good governance’ norms in the EU’s European Neighbourhood Policy 230 14 Norm entrepreneurs and antipreneurs: chalk and cheese, or two faces of the same coin? 246 Index 266 This book challenges the norm dynamic literature by explicitly focusing on those who resist normative change - norm 'antipreneurs'. The utility of the norm antipreneur concept is explored through a series of case studies encompassing a range of issue areas and contributed by a mix of well-known and emergent scholars of norm dynamics.