Noncoding RNAs and Bone

The book provides an in-depth and comprehensive overview of the essential role of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in bone formation. In combination with researches from multiple scholars in this field, the book reviews the mechanisms of ncRNA-related bone diseases, as well as the potential applications of RNA synthesis technology in bone disorder treatments. This volume covers the following topics: 1) basic introduction of non-coding RNA and bone development, how 2) microRNAs and 3) long noncoding RNAs (LncRNAs) regulate bone formation, 4) how ncRNAs and the corresponding pathways participate in bone metabolism diseases, 5) RNA synthesis technology and the possible RNA therapies in bone disease. Researchers and students in the fields of human genetics, human physiology, developmental biology and biomedical engineering, as well as professionals and scientists in Orthopedics, will particularly find this book helpful. Preface Contents Part I: MicroRNAs and Bone Chapter 1: MicroRNAs and Osteoporosis 1.1 Introduction 1.2 MiRNAs Involved in the Regulation of Osteoblasts 1.3 MiRNAs Involved in the Regulation of Osteoclasts 1.4 MiRNAs Involved in the Regulation of Bone-Related Signaling Pathways 1.4.1 MiRNAs Involved in the Regulation of Wnt Signaling Pathway 1.4.2 MiRNAs Involved in the Regulation of BMP Signaling Pathway 1.4.3 MiRNAs Involved in the Regulation of TGF-β Signaling Pathway 1.4.4 MiRNAs Involved in the Regulation of RANK/RANKL/OPG Signaling Pathway 1.4.5 MiRNAs Involved in the Regulation of M-CSF/c-FMS Signaling Pathway 1.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives References Chapter 2: MicroRNAs and the Diagnosis of Osteoporosis 2.1 Introduction 2.2 General Overview of miRNAs as Biomarkers for Different Types of Osteoporosis 2.2.1 miRNAs as Diagnostic Biomarkers in Primary Osteoporosis 2.2.1.1 miRNAs and Postmenopausal Osteoporosis 2.2.1.2 miRNAs and Senile Osteoporosis 2.2.2 miRNAs as Diagnostic Biomarkers in Secondary Osteoporosis 2.2.2.1 miRNAs and Drug-Induced Osteoporosis 2.2.2.2 miRNAs and Disuse Osteoporosis 2.3 Application of miRNAs in the Diagnosis of Osteoporosis and Osteoporotic Fracture Risk Assessment 2.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of miRNAs as Novel Biomarker Compared to the Conventional Methods for Osteoporosis Diagnosis 2.5 Clinical Status of miRNAs as Diagnostic Markers 2.6 Conclusion References Chapter 3: MicroRNAs and Osteoarthritis 3.1 Introduction 3.2 MicroRNAs and Chondrocytes 3.3 miRNAs and the Degenerative Changes of Extracellular Matrix of Articular Cartilage 3.4 miRNAs and Chondrocyte Inflammation 3.5 miRNAs and Joint Pain 3.6 microRNA Regulatory Pathways in OA 3.6.1 NF-κB Signaling Pathway 3.6.2 TGF-β Signaling Pathway 3.6.3 Wnt Signaling Pathway 3.6.4 PI3K/Akt Pathway 3.6.5 p53 Signaling Pathway 3.7 Early Diagnosis and Treatment Using microRNAs 3.7.1 miRNAs and Osteoarthritis Diagnosis 3.7.2 miRNAs and Osteoarthritis Treatment 3.8 Conclusion References Chapter 4: Mechanosensitive MicroRNAs and Bone Formation 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Mechanosensitive miRNAs and Osteogenic Differentiation 4.2.1 Mechanosensitive miRNAs Promoted Osteogenic Differentiation 4.2.2 Mechanosensitive miRNAs Inhibited Osteogenic Differentiation 4.3 Mechanosensitive miRNAs and Osteoblast Proliferation 4.4 Mechanosensitive miRNAs and Bone Formation 4.5 Conclusions References Part II: Long Noncoding RNAs and Bone Chapter 5: Roles and Mechanism of Long Noncoding RNAs in Bone Diseases 5.1 Introduction of lncRNA 5.2 LncRNAs and Bone Cells 5.2.1 LncRNAs and Osteoblasts (OBs) 5.2.2 LncRNAs and Osteoclasts (OCs) 5.2.3 LncRNAs and Osteocytes (OCY) 5.2.4 LncRNA in Chondrocytes 5.3 LncRNAs and Bone Diseases 5.3.1 LncRNAs and Osteosarcoma (OS) 5.3.2 LncRNAs and Osteoporosis (OP) 5.3.3 LncRNAs and Osteoarthritis (OA) 5.3.4 LncRNA in Other Bone Related Diseases 5.4 Mechanisms of lncRNAs Involved in Bone Diseases 5.4.1 LncRNAs and MicroRNAs 5.4.1.1 miRNAs Triggering lncRNAs to Decay 5.4.1.2 LncRNAs Generating miRNAs 5.4.1.3 lncRNAs Binding miRNAs to Derepress mRNAs 5.4.2 LncRNAs Bind the mRNAs to Degrade/Stabilize Them 5.4.3 Natural Antisense Transcripts 5.4.4 LncRNAs and Transcription Factor/Signal Pathways 5.5 Conclusions and Perspectives References Chapter 6: Long Noncoding RNAs Regulate Osteoblast Function and Bone Formation 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Obstacle on Osteogenic lncRNA Researches 6.3 Screening of Osteogenic lncRNAs 6.4 Osteogenic lncRNA Researches In Vivo 6.5 Mechanism Researches of Osteogenic lncRNAs 6.6 Osteogenic lncRNA as Endogenous miRNA Sponge 6.7 Conclusion References Part III: RNA Synthesis Technology and RNA Therapy in Bone Diseases Chapter 7: Synthetic Technology of Noncoding RNAs Used in Bone Disease Research and Therapeutics 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Viral Vector Mediated RNA Therapy 7.3 Chemical Synthesis of RNA Molecules and Their Applications in Bone Disease Therapy 7.4 In Vivo Production of RNA Molecules and Their Applications in Bone Disease Therapy 7.5 Conclusion References Chapter 8: RNA Therapy in Bone Diseases 8.1 Introduction 8.2 The Therapeutics of ncRNA to Osteoarthritis 8.3 The Therapeutics of ncRNAs to Osteoporosis 8.3.1 The Therapy of miRNA to Osteoporosis 8.3.2 The Therapy of LncRNA and siRNA to Osteoporosis 8.4 The Therapeutics of ncRNA to Bone Tumor 8.4.1 The Therapy of ncRNA to Primary Bone Tumors 8.4.2 The Therapy of ncRNA to Metastatic Bone Tumors 8.5 Conclusion References