Non-medical and illicit use of psychoactive drugs (Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences, 34)

This volume is devoted to descriptions of non medical as well as medical uses for some drugs that have typically, or not so typically, been associated with drug abuse. One major objective of this book is to identify costs and benefits of drug abuse. The book highlights drugs including 3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), cannabinoids, opioids and methylphenidate because of their well-documented potential for abuse and provides new and emerging evidence of their potential to treat some chronic disease states alongside the potential consequences of exposure. . Read more... Abstract: This volume is devoted to descriptions of non medical as well as medical uses for some drugs that have typically, or not so typically, been associated with drug abuse. Read more... Preface 6 New Directions in Substance Use—the Blurring of the Lines between Illicit and Therapeutic Drugs 6 Non-medical Use of Therapeutic Substances 6 New Ways of Approaching ‘Illicit Drugs’ 6 Future Directions 6 References 6 Contents 13 447 Preclinical Effects of Antipsychotic Drugs 15 Abstract 15 1 Introduction 16 2 The Binding Profile of Antipsychotics 18 3 Behavioural Test for the Therapeutic Effects of Antipsychotics 20 4 Antipsychotic Drugs and Drug Discrimination 24 5 Behavioural Tests for the Side Effect of Antipsychotics 25 References 27 421 Contribution of Impulsivity and Serotonin Receptor Neuroadaptations to the Development of an MDMA (‘Ecstasy’) Substance Use Disorder 31 Abstract 31 References 39 448 The Abuse Potential of Prescription Opioids in Humans—Closing in on the First Century of Research 47 Abstract 47 1 Brief Historical View of Opioid Abuse Potential Evaluation 48 2 Abuse Potential Evaluation: Methods 50 3 Full Mu Opioid Agonists 51 4 Mu Opioid Partial Agonists 59 4.1 Buprenorphine: A Case Study 59 5 Mixed Opioid Agonists/Antagonists 61 6 Atypical Opioid Agonists 62 6.1 Abuse-Deterrent Formulations (ADFs) and Abuse Potential Testing 64 7 Summary 65 References 65 422 Over-the-Counter Codeine—from Therapeutic Use to Dependence, and the Grey Areas in Between 73 Abstract 73 1 Codeine Pharmacology 74 2 Codeine Availability 74 3 Non-medical Use and Dependence 75 4 Harms from High-Dose Consumption of Over-the-Counter Codeine 78 4.1 Evidence for Effectiveness 78 5 Responses to Problematic Over-the-Counter Codeine Use 80 5.1 Increased Restrictions on Sales 80 5.2 Harm Reduction 81 5.3 Challenges for Pharmacists 81 5.4 Screening and Brief Intervention 83 5.5 Monitoring of Sales as Part of a Comprehensive Response 84 Funding Acknowledgement 85 References 85 470 Injection of Pharmaceuticals Designed for Oral Use: Harms Experienced and Effective Harm Reduction Through Filtration 90 Abstract 90 1 Introduction: Illicit Injection of Pharmaceuticals 91 2 Thrombosis and Inflammation 92 3 Embolism and Ischaemia 94 4 Injection Site and Blood Vessels 95 5 Pulmonary System 96 6 Infections 97 7 Filtration as a Harm Reduction Measure 98 8 General Filtering Study Methodology 100 8.1 Survey of People Who Inject Drugs 100 8.2 Drug Extraction and Filtration 100 8.3 Analysis of Particle Content 101 8.4 Analysis of Active Drug Content 101 8.5 Drugs Examined 101 8.6 Bacterial Suspension 102 9 Results 102 9.1 Filtration Methods Used by PWID 102 9.2 Particulate Contamination Following Filtration 103 10 Summary and Conclusions 108 Acknowledgements 108 References 109 426 Misuse of Methylphenidate 112 Abstract 112 1 Introduction 113 1.1 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) 114 1.2 Link Between ADHD Neurobiology, Medication Mechanism, and Abuse Potential 115 1.3 Prevalence of ADHD Stimulant Medication Misuse 117 2 Methylphenidate Misuse 119 2.1 Methylphenidate Abuse Liability 119 2.2 Methylphenidate Diversion and Misuse 121 2.3 Methylphenidate Misuse Safety Concerns 123 3 Discussion 124 3.1 Malingering 126 3.2 Methylphenidate Use and Subsequent Substance Abuse Disorder 127 3.3 Methylphenidate Treatment Benefit Versus Misuse Risk—Awareness Needed 128 4 Conclusion 129 References 130 424 Misuse and Associated Harms of Quetiapine and Other Atypical Antipsychotics 138 Abstract 138 1 Introduction 139 2 What Is the Evidence of Misuse? 140 2.1 Case Reports: Misuse, Abuse and Dependence 140 2.2 Ambulance Data and Emergency Department Presentations with Overdose 142 2.3 Poison Information Centre Data 142 2.4 Coronial Data 142 2.5 Other Potential Sources of Information 143 3 Case example 1 143 4 Does the Pharmacological Properties of Quetiapine also Increase Misuse? 144 5 What Other Factors Are Driving Misuse? 144 5.1 Prescribing Practices 144 5.2 Off-Label Prescribing 145 6 Potential Risks Versus Benefits of Increased Prescribing of Atypical Antipsychotics 146 7 What Are the Harms Associated with Misuse? 147 8 Case example 2 148 9 Responses to Reduce Harms from Atypical Antipsychotics 149 9.1 At the prescriber level 149 9.2 At a systems level 149 10 Conclusions 150 References 151 425 Benzodiazepines 153 Abstract 153 1 History of Benzodiazepines 154 2 Pharmacology and Clinical Effects 154 3 Abuse and Dependence Liability 155 4 Indications for Benzodiazepines 156 5 Prevalence of Use and Misuse 157 5.1 Adverse Effects from Benzodiazepine Use 159 5.1.1 Dependence 159 5.1.2 Aggression 159 5.1.3 Dementia and Other Cognitive Effects 159 5.1.4 Mortality 160 5.1.5 Falls 160 6 The Spectrum of Benzodiazepine Use: From Therapeutic to Non-medical Use and Dependence 160 7 Benzodiazepines and Polydrug Use 163 8 Perceptions of Benzodiazepine Use 163 9 Responses to Benzodiazepine Misuse and Dependence 164 References 165 471 Recent Trends in Alcohol and Other Drug Use Among Police Detainees in New Zealand, 2010–2015 172 Abstract 172 1 Introduction 173 2 Method 174 3 Analysis 175 4 Demographics 175 5 Methamphetamine Use 176 6 Alcohol Consumption 177 7 Cannabis Use 177 8 Ecstasy Use 178 9 Cocaine Use 179 10 Opioid Use 179 11 Discussion 180 References 182 423 The Impact of Legalizing and Regulating Weed: Issues with Study Design and Emerging Findings in the USA 184 Abstract 184 1 Introduction 185 2 Background on the Modern Transition of US Medical and Recreational Laws 187 2.1 Protection of the Rights of Patients: 1996–2002 188 2.2 Protection of Access to Supply for Patients: 2003–2012 189 2.3 Opening Access for Recreational Purposes: 2012–???? 189 3 Identifying the Causal Effect of Marijuana Policies 190 3.1 Issues in Defining the Intervention for Marijuana Policy Analysis 190 3.2 Measurement Complications in Marijuana Policy Evaluation 191 3.3 What to Do When Randomly Assigning Laws to Jurisdictions Is not Feasible 194 4 Emerging Empirical Findings 198 4.1 Impact of Legalizing a Recreational Market for Marijuana 205 5 Conclusion 206 Acknowledgements 207 References 207 Front Matter ....Pages i-xiv Preclinical Effects of Antipsychotic Drugs (Jenny Paola Berrío Sánchez, Bart A. Ellenbroek)....Pages 1-16 Contribution of Impulsivity and Serotonin Receptor Neuroadaptations to the Development of an MDMA (‘Ecstasy’) Substance Use Disorder (Susan Schenk, Dane Aronsen)....Pages 17-32 The Abuse Potential of Prescription Opioids in Humans—Closing in on the First Century of Research (Sharon L. Walsh, Shanna Babalonis)....Pages 33-58 Over-the-Counter Codeine—from Therapeutic Use to Dependence, and the Grey Areas in Between (Suzanne Nielsen, Marie Claire Van Hout)....Pages 59-75 Injection of Pharmaceuticals Designed for Oral Use: Harms Experienced and Effective Harm Reduction Through Filtration (Stuart McLean, Rahul Patel, Raimondo Bruno)....Pages 77-98 Misuse of Methylphenidate (David B. Clemow)....Pages 99-124 Misuse and Associated Harms of Quetiapine and Other Atypical Antipsychotics (Mark E. Montebello, Jonathan Brett)....Pages 125-139 Benzodiazepines (Suzanne Nielsen)....Pages 141-159 Recent Trends in Alcohol and Other Drug Use Among Police Detainees in New Zealand, 2010–2015 (Chris Wilkins, Jitesh Prasad, Karl Parker, Marta Rychert, Helen Moewaka Barnes)....Pages 161-172 The Impact of Legalizing and Regulating Weed: Issues with Study Design and Emerging Findings in the USA (Priscillia E. Hunt, Jeremy Miles)....Pages 173-198