Nomads and Natives Beyond the Danube and the Black Sea : 700–900 CE

Based on analysis of archaeological, narrative and numismatic sources, this book provides an in-depth historical overview of the Carpathian-Danubian region during the eighth and the ninth centuries. Cover 1 Half-title 3 Series page 4 Title page 5 Copyright information 6 Table of contents 7 List of Illustrations 8 List of abbreviations 10 Acknowledgements 20 Introduction 21 Chapter 1. Sources 27 Written Sources 27 The Byzantine Writings 27 Bulgarian Sources (Epigraphic) 31 Russian Sources 31 Hungarian Sources 32 Western Sources 32 Oriental Sources 33 Archaeological Sources 34 Settlements 34 Hillforts 35 Burial Findings 35 Numismatic Findings 35 Chapter 2. Habitation 37 Archaeological Sites 40 Settlements 47 Settlement Surface 48 Settlement Structure 48 Hillforts 53 Geographical Position 59 Sites’ Topography 61 The Hillforts’ Surface 62 Defense System 64 Functionality of Hillforts 67 Chronology of Hillforts 69 Mixed Settlements 72 Caves 73 Dwellings and Household Annexes 75 Dwellings 77 Planimetry 77 Construction Techniques 78 Roof Arrangement 79 Interior Arrangement 79 Houses 80 Fire Installations 81 Simple Ovens 82 Ovens 83 Household Annexes 84 Outbuildings 84 Household Pits 84 Chapter 3. Economy 87 Agriculture 87 Soil Cultivation 87 Agricultural Utensils 88 Paleobotanical Research 92 Agricultural Installations and Constructions 94 Facilities for food storage 94 Installations for drying agricultural products 94 Installations for processing cereals 95 Livestock Breeding 97 Domestic Animals 98 Poultry 101 Handicrafts and Economic Exchange 102 Metalwork 102 Metalworking Workshops 104 Metal Processing Technology 106 Tool Making 108 Non-ferrous Metal Working 109 Clay Processing 110 Pottery 111 Pottery Workshops 112 Pottery Kilns 113 Types of Ceramics 114 Handmade Pottery 114 Pottery Made On a Slow Wheel 116 Pottery Made On a Fast Wheel 117 Raw Material 120 Workshops 121 Typology of Bone Pieces 121 Tools 122 Toiletries and Clothing Pieces 126 Pieces for Games and Entertainment 127 Types of Tools for Bonework 129 Potter’s Signs 119 Bonework and Hornwork 120 Leather and Fur Processing 130 Woodworking 131 Stonework 133 Weaving and Tailoring 135 Economic Exchange 137 Extraction and Marketing of Salt 137 The Coins with No Trade vs. The Trade with No Coins 143 The Byzantine Coins 143 Imported Goods 176 Arab Coins 167 West European Coins 173 Objects of Adornment 177 Clothing Accessories 180 Auxiliary Occupations 180 Hunting 180 Fishing 183 Chapter 4. Spiritual Life 186 Religious Beliefs 186 Funerary Rites and Rituals 188 Incineration Cemeteries 188 Biritual Cemeteries 193 Inhumation Cemeteries 200 Cenotaphs / Symbolic Funerals 209 Chapter 5. Society 211 Archaeological Cultures 211 Hlincea Culture 212 Luka Rajkoveckaja Culture 214 Balkan-Danubian Culture 214 Bucov Culture 218 The Ethnic Attributions of Discoveries 220 The Romanics 225 The Slavs 227 The Avars 231 The Bulgarians 235 Social and Political-Military Organization 241 Relations with Neighbours 249 Conclusions 256 Bibliography 264 Primary Sources 264 Annales Fuldenses 264 Gesta Hungarorum 264 Archaeological Records / Repertories 264 Secondary Literature 265 Index 321 "This book re-examines the history of the Carpathian-Danubian region during the eighth and the ninth centuries, to provide a synthetic historical overview of the region to the north of the Lower Danube in this period. Based on a critical and comparative analysis of archaeological, narrative and numismatic sources, the study presents a reconstruction of the socio-economic, ethnic, cultural, and political history of the area at a period during which nomadic peoples from the east including the Bulgars, Avars, and Khazars migrated here. The work is based on a comprehensive analysis of narrative and archaeological sources including sites, artefacts, and goods in the basin bordered by the Tisza river in the west, the Danube in the south, and the Dniestr river in the east, covering swathes of modern-day Romania, Moldova, Ukraine, Serbia, and Hungary."--Bloomsbury publishing. This book presents a reconstruction of the socio-economic, ethnic, cultural, and political history of the Carpathian-Danubian area in the eighth and ninth centuries at a period when nomadic peoples from the east including the Bulgars, Avars, and Khazars migrated here. The work is based on a comprehensive analysis of narrative and archaeological sources including sites, artefacts, and goods in the basin bordered by the Tisza river in the west, the Danube in the south, and the Dniestr river in the east, covering swathes of modern-day Romania, Moldova, Ukraine, Serbia, and Hungary. Sergiu Musteata. Introduction Chapter 1. Sources Chapter 2. Habitat Chapter 3. Economy Chapter 4. Spiritual Life Chapter 5. Society Conclusions Sources And Bibliography Appendix Index. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. Electronic Reproduction. Baltimore, Md Available Via World Wide Web.