Noisy Oceans : Monitoring Seismic and Acoustic Signals in the Marine Environment, 1e

Cover Title Page Copyright Page Contents List of Contributors Preface Chapter 1 An Introduction to the Ocean Soundscape 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Seismic Waves 1.2.1 Body Waves 1.2.2 Surface Waves 1.3 Noise Sources in the Oceans 1.3.1 Noise from Geological Origins (Geophony) 1.3.2 Noise from Biological Origins (Biophony) 1.3.3 Noise from Anthropogenic Origins (Anthrophony) 1.4 Tools for Recording Marine Noise 1.4.1 Ocean-Bottom Seismometers 1.4.2 Ocean-Bottom Nodes 1.4.3 Ocean-Bottom Observatories 1.4.4 Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers 1.4.5 Echosounders 1.4.6 Drifters and Floats 1.5 Common Data-Processing Methods 1.5.1 Time-Drift Correction 1.5.2 Data Reduction 1.5.3 Instrument Relocation through Travel-Time Analysis 1.5.4 Rotation for Geophone Reorientation 1.5.5 Converting from Counts to Physical Units 1.5.6 Removing the Mean from the Data Set 1.5.7 Frequency Spectrum, Spectrogram, and Power Spectral Density 1.5.8 Frequency Filtering 1.5.9 Polarization Analysis 1.6 Summary of Chapters 1.7 Future Developments of Acoustic Measurements in the Ocean References Chapter 2 Seismic Ambient Noise: Application to Taiwanese Data 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Background Ambient Seismic Noise in Taiwan 2.3 Ambient Seismic Noise Generated by Intense Storms 2.4 Deepsea Internal Waves Southeast of Offshore Taiwan 2.5 Gas Emissions at the Seafloor and "Bubble" SDEs in SW Offshore Taiwan 2.6 Conclusion Acknowledgments References Chapter 3 Seasonal and Geographical Variations in the Quantified Relationship Between Significant Wave Heights and Microseisms: An Example From Taiwan 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Method and Data Processing 3.2.1 Data 3.2.2 Method 3.3 Testing and Determining Parameters 3.4 Results and Discussion 3.4.1 Seasonal Variation 3.4.2 Geographical Variation 3.4.3 Residual Distributions of the SHW Simulation 3.5 Conclusions Acknowledgments References Chapter 4 Listening for Diverse Signals From Emergent and Submarine Volcanoes 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Detection and Monitoring of Submarine Volcanism 4.2.1 Hydroacoustic Arrays 4.2.2 Seismometer Arrays 4.2.3 Cabled Systems 4.2.4 Limitations in Detecting Submarine Volcanism 4.3 Diverse Volcano Signals Recorded Underwater 4.3.1 Distinguishing Signal from Noise in the Ocean 4.3.2 High-Frequency Volcanic Signals 4.3.3 Low-Frequency Volcanic Signals 4.3.4 Volcanic Tremor Signals 4.3.5 Volcanic Explosion-Type Signals 4.3.6 Volcanic Landslide Signals 4.4 Conclusions Availability Statement Acknowledgments References Chapter 5 Seismic and Acoustic Monitoring of Submarine Landslides: Ongoing Challenges, Recent Successes, and Future Opportunities 5.1 Introduction 5.1.1 Recent Advances in Direct Monitoring of Submarine Landslides 5.1.2 Aims 5.2 Passive Geophysical Monitoring of Terrestrial Landslides 5.3 Which Aspects of Submarine Landslides Should We Be Able to Detect with Passive Systems? 5.4 Recent Advances and Opportunities in Passive Monitoring of Submarine Landslides 5.4.1 Determining the Timing and Location of Submarine Landslides at a Margin Scale Using Land-Based Seismological Networks 5.4.2 Quantifying Landslide Kinematics Using Hydrophones 5.4.3 Characterizing Landslide Run-Out to Enhance Hazard Assessments 5.4.4 Opportunities Using Distributed Cable-Based Sensing 5.5 The Application of Passive Geophysical Monitoring in Advancing Submarine Landslide Science 5.5.1 Can Passive Seismic and Acoustic Techniques Overcome the Logistical Challenges That Have Previously Hindered the Monitoring of Submarine Landslides? 5.5.2 What Aspects of Submarine Landslides Can We Assess from Passive Remote Sensing Techniques, and What Needs To Be Resolved? 5.5.3 Suggestions for Future Directions 5.6 Concluding Remarks Acknowledgments References Chapter 6 Iceberg Noise 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Waveforms of Iceberg Noise 6.2.1 Iceberg Bursts 6.2.2 Iceberg Tremor 6.2.3 Iceberg Harmonic Tremor 6.3 Observation and Location of Iceberg Noise 6.3.1 Hydroacoustic Records at Long Distances 6.3.2 Records of Regional Hydroacoustic Networks 6.3.3 Seismic Records in Antarctica 6.4 Spatial and Temporal Variations of Iceberg Noise 6.5 Source Mechanisms of Iceberg Noise 6.6 Discussion 6.7 Conclusion Acknowledgments References Chapter 7 The Sound of Hydrothermal Vents 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Theory of Sound Production by Hydrothermal Vents 7.2.1 Radiation Efficiency 7.2.2 Monopole 7.2.3 Dipole 7.2.4 Quadrupole 7.2.5 Estimated Source Sound Pressure Levels 7.2.6 Estimated Source Spectra 7.3 Survey of Acoustic Measurements 7.3.1 Very Low Frequency (