NIJ Standard 0101.06: Ballistic Resistance of Body Armor

Structure Bookmarks JULY 08 U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs National Institute of Justice Figure STANDARDS STANDARDS www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs 810 Seventh Street N.W. Washington, DC 20531 Michael B. Mukasey Attorney General Jeffrey L. Sedgwick Acting Assistant Attorney General David W. Hagy Director, National Institute of Justice This and other publications and products of the National Institute of Justice can be found at: National Institute of Justice www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij Office of Justice Programs Innovation • Partnerships • Safer Neighborhoods www.ojp.usdoj.gov www.ojp.usdoj.gov ABOUT THE LAW ENFORCEMENT AND CORRECTIONS STANDARDS AND TESTING PROGRAM The Standards and Testing Program is sponsored by the Office of Science and Technology of the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice. The program responds to the mandate of the Homeland Security Act of 2002, which directed the Office of Science and Technology to establish and maintain performance standards in accordance with the National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act of 1995 (Public Law 104–113) to test and evaluate law enforcement technologies The Standards and Testing Program is a basic and applied research effort that determines the technological needs of justice system agencies, sets minimum performance standards for specific devices, tests commercially available equipment against those standards, and disseminates the standards and the test results to criminal justice agencies nationally and internationally. The Office of Law Enforcement Standards (OLES) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology develops voluntary national performance standards for compliance testing to ensure that individual items of equipment are suitable for use by criminal justice agencies. The standards are based upon laboratory testing and evaluation of representative samples of each item of equipment to determine the key attributes, develop test methods, and establish minimum performance requirements for each essential attrib The National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center (NLECTC), operated by a grantee, coordinates a national compliance testing program conducted by independent laboratories. The standards developed by OLES serve as performance benchmarks against which commercial equipment is measured. Publications are available at no charge through NLECTC. Some documents are also available online at . To request a document or additional information, call 800–248–2742 or 301–519–5060, or write: https://www.justnet.org/justnet.html https://www.justnet.org/justnet.html National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center 2277 Research Boulevard, Mailstop 8J Rockville, MD 20850 E-mail: World Wide Web address: asknlectc@nlectc.org asknlectc@nlectc.org http://www.justnet.org The National Institute of Justice is a component of the Office of Justice Programs, which also includes the Bureau of Justice Assistance, the Bureau of Justice Statistics, the Community Capacity Development Office, the Office for Victims of Crime; the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, and the Office of Sex Offender Sentencing, Monitoring, Apprehending, Registering, and Tracking (SMART). This page intentionally left blank. U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs National Institute of Justice Ballistic Resistance of Body Armor NIJ Standard–0101.06 Supersedes: NIJ 2005 Interim Requirements, Ballistic Resistance of Body Armor (August 2005) Also supersedes: NIJ Rev. A, Ballistic Resistance of Personal Body Armor (June 2001) Standard–0101.04 Coordination by: Office of Law Enforcement Standards National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD 20899–8102 Prepared for: National Institute of Justice Office of Science and Technology Washington, DC 20531 July 2008 NCJ 223054 NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF JUSTICE David Hagy Director John Morgan Deputy Director for Science and Technology Marc Caplan Chief, Operational Technologies Division Debra Stoe Physical Scientist, Operational Technologies Division The technical effort to develop this standard was conducted under Interagency Agreement 2003–IJ–R–029. This standard was formulated by the Office of Law Enforcement Standards (OLES) of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The participants in the research and revision of this standard were: Kirk Rice, Program Manager, Weapons and Protective Systems Michael A. Riley, Program Manager, Weapons and Protective Systems, Testing and Evaluation Amanda Forster, Materials Research Engineer The preparation of this standard was sponsored by the National Institute of Justice. FOREWORD This document, NIJ , “Ballistic Resistance of Body Armor,” is a minimum performance standard developed in collaboration with the Office of Law Enforcement Standards (OLES) of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). It is produced as part of the Standards and Testing Program of the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice. This standard is a technical document that specifies the minimum performance requirements that equipment must meet to Standard–0101.06 This document is a testing and performance standard and provides precise and detailed test methods. Additional requirements, processes, and procedures for CTP participants are detailed in the NIJ Voluntary CTP Administrative Procedures Manual. Those seeking guidance concerning the selection and application of body armor should refer to the most recent revision of the Selection and Application Guide to Personal Body Armor, NIJ Guide 100, which is published as a separate document and explains in nontechnical Publication of this revision of the standard does not invalidate or render unsuitable any body armor models previously determined by NIJ to be compliant to either the NIJ 2005 Interim Requirements or the NIJ Standard– 0101.04 Rev. A Requirements. While it may not necessary to remove these existing armors from service, agencies are advised to always require their procurements to meet or exceed the most recent and up-to-date version of this standard. Personal body armor that is independently tested to this standard by manufacturers, purchasers, or other parties will not be considered as NIJ compliant unless the body armor is submitted and tested through the NIJ CTP and found in compliance with this standard. When manufacturers seek NIJ compliance of their armor to this standard and the armor contains unique materials or forms of construction that may not have been anticipated when this standard was drafted, NIJ may modify the test methods of the standard to take those features into account. If NIJ determines that the model meets the requirements of the standard, modified test methods, and the NIJ CTP, NIJ will include the armor on the NIJ Compliant Products List. NIJ standards are subjected to continued research, development, testing, review, and revision. This standard and its successors will be re-evaluated and modified as necessary. Because of ongoing advancements in ballistic-resistant materials, changes to armor designs and manufacturing techniques, and improvements in testing methods, NIJ reserves the right to withhold NIJ compliance status for body armor that meets the current requirements but is deemed by NIJ to pose a risk to officer safety. NIJ also reserv Technical comments and recommended revisions are welcome. Please send all written comments and suggestions to the Deputy Director, Office of Science and Technology, National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice, 810 Seventh Street, NW, Washington, DC 20531. Before citing this or any other NIJ standard in a contract document, users should verify that the most recent edition of the standard is used. The most recent edition will be available on the Justice Technology Inf http://www.justnet.org http://www.justnet.org John Morgan, Deputy Director for Science and Technology, National Institute of Justice CONTENTS Foreword Foreword Foreword Foreword ......................................................................................................................................... v Commonly Used Symbols And Abbreviations Commonly Used Symbols And Abbreviations Commonly Used Symbols And Abbreviations .............................................................................. xi 1. 1. 1. Purpose And Scope ................................................................................................................. 1 2. 2. 2. NIJ Body Armor Classification ............................................................................................... 3 2.1 2.1 2.1 Type IIA (9 mm; .40 S&W) ............................................................................................ 3 2.2 2.2 2.2 Type II (9 mm; .357 Magnum) ....................................................................................... 3 2.3 2.3 2.3 Type IIIA (.357 SIG; .44 Magnum) ................................................................................ 3 2.4 2.4 2.4 Type III (Rifles) .............................................................................................................. 4 2.5 2.5 2.5 Type IV (Armor Piercing Rifle) ..................................................................................... 4 2.6 2.6 2.6 Special Type .................................................................................................................... 4 3. 3. 3. Definitions ............................................................................................................................... 5 4. 4. 4. Sample Requirements and Laboratory Configuration ........................................................... 11 4.1 4.1 4.1 Test Samples ................................................................................................................. 11 4.1.1 4.1.1 4.1.1 Flexible Vests and Jackets .............................................................................. 11 4.1.2 4.1.2 4.1.2 Hard Armors and Plate Inserts ........................................................................ 12 4.1.3 4.1.3 4.1.3 Accessory Ballistic Panels .............................................................................. 17 4.1.4 4.1.4 4.1.4 Workmanship .................................................................................................. 17 4.1.5 4.1.5 4.1.5 Labeling .......................................................................................................... 17 4.1.6 4.1.6 4.1.6 Armor Carriers With Removable Ballistic Panels .......................................... 20 4.1.7 4.1.7 4.1.7 Armors With Built-In Inserts or Trauma Packs .............................................. 20 4.2 4.2 4.2 Laboratory Configuration and Test Equipment ............................................................ 20 4.2.1 4.2.1 4.2.1 Range Configuration ....................................................................................... 20 4.2.2 4.2.2 4.2.2 Test Rounds and Barrels ................................................................................. 22 4.2.3 4.2.3 4.2.3 Velocity Measurement Equipment ................................................................. 22 4.2.4 4.2.4 4.2.4 Armor Submersion Equipment ....................................................................... 23 4.2.5 4.2.5 4.2.5 Armor Backing Material ................................................................................. 23 5. 5. 5. Flexible Armor Conditioning Protocol .................................................................................. 27 5.1 5.1 5.1 Purpose and Scope ........................................................................................................ 27 5.2 5.2 5.2 Pretest Parameters ......................................................................................................... 27 5.2.1 5.2.1 5.2.1 Storage of Armors ........................................................................................... 27 5.2.2 5.2.2 5.2.2 Pretest Calibrations ......................................................................................... 27 5.2.3 5.2.3 5.2.3 Test Conditions ............................................................................................... 27 5.3 5.3 5.3 Laboratory Configuration and Test Equipment ............................................................ 28 5.3.1 5.3.1 5.3.1 General Parameters ......................................................................................... 28 5.3.2 5.3.2 5.3.2 Controls ........................................................................................................... 29 5.3.3 5.3.3 5.3.3 Test Interruption .............................................................................................. 29 5.3.4 5.3.4 5.3.4 Procedure ........................................................................................................ 30 6. 6. 6. Hard Armor Conditioning Protocol ....................................................................................... 33 6.1 6.1 6.1 Purpose and Scope ........................................................................................................ 33 6.2 6.2 6.2 Pretest Parameters ......................................................................................................... 33 6.2.1 6.2.1 6.2.1 Storage of Armors ........................................................................................... 33 6.2.2 6.2.2 6.2.2 Pretest Calibrations ......................................................................................... 33 6.2.3 6.2.3 6.2.3 Test Conditions ............................................................................................... 33 6.3 6.3 6.3 Laboratory Configuration and Test Equipment ............................................................ 35 6.3.1 6.3.1 6.3.1 General Parameters ......................................................................................... 35 6.3.2 6.3.2 6.3.2 Controls ........................................................................................................... 35 6.3.3 6.3.3 6.3.3 Test Interruption .............................................................................................. 35 6.3.4 6.3.4 6.3.4 Conditioning Procedure .................................................................................. 36 7. 7. 7. Ballistic Test Methods ........................................................................................................... 39 7.1 7.1 7.1 Purpose and Scope ........................................................................................................ 39 7.2 7.2 7.2 Test Order ..................................................................................................................... 39 7.3 7.3 7.3 Workmanship Examination .......................................................................................... 39 7.3.1 7.3.1 7.3.1 Armor Carriers and Ballistic Panel Covers ..................................................... 39 7.3.2 7.3.2 7.3.2 Ballistic Panels ................................................................................................ 39 7.3.3 7.3.3 7.3.3 Label Examination .......................................................................................... 39 7.4 7.4 7.4 Sampling ....................................................................................................................... 40 7.5 7.5 7.5 Sample Acclimation ...................................................................................................... 40 7.5.1 7.5.1 7.5.1 Inserts .............................................................................................................. 40 7.6 7.6 7.6 Fair Hit Requirements for All Ballistic Tests ............................................................... 40 7.6.1 7.6.1 7.6.1 Minimum Shot-to-Edge Distance ................................................................... 40 7.6.2 7.6.2 7.6.2 Minimum Shot-to-Shot Distance .................................................................... 40 7.7 7.7 7.7 Backing Material Preparation and Sample Mounting for All Ballistic Tests ............... 41 7.7.1 7.7.1 7.7.1 Backing Material Fixture Preparation ............................................................. 41 7.7.2 7.7.2 7.7.2 Mounting Armor for Ballistic Testing ............................................................ 41 7.8 7.8 7.8 Perforation and Backface Signature Test (P-BFS) ....................................................... 43 7.8.1 7.8.1 7.8.1 Shot Location Marking ................................................................................... 43 7.8.2 7.8.2 7.8.2 Armor Submersion .......................................................................................... 45 7.8.3 7.8.3 7.8.3 Test Threats for P-BFS Tests .......................................................................... 45 7.8.4 7.8.4 7.8.4 Test Duration .................................................................................................. 45 7.8.5 7.8.5 7.8.5 Requirements for Number of Shots and Number of Armor Samples ............. 45 7.8.6 7.8.6 7.8.6 P-BFS Test for Special Type Armor ............................................................... 49 7.8.7 7.8.7 7.8.7 P-BFS Test for Accessory Ballistic Panels ..................................................... 49 7.8.8 7.8.8 7.8.8 P-BFS Performance Requirements ................................................................. 49 7.9 7.9 7.9 Ballistic Limit (BL) Determination Test ....................................................................... 50 7.9.1 7.9.1 7.9.1 Requirements for Number of BL Tests and Test Samples ............................. 51 7.9.2 7.9.2 7.9.2 Test Procedure Requirements ......................................................................... 51 7.9.3 7.9.3 7.9.3 Backing Material Conditioning ....................................................................... 52 7.9.4 7.9.4 7.9.4 Data Set Tabulation ......................................................................................... 52 7.9.5 7.9.5 7.9.5 Ballistic Limit Performance Requirements ..................................................... 52 8. 8. 8. References ............................................................................................................................. 53 APPENDIX A –Acceptable Bullets for Handloading APPENDIX A –Acceptable Bullets for Handloading APPENDIX A –Acceptable Bullets for Handloading .................................................................. 55 APPENDIX B –Common Special Type Threats APPENDIX B –Common Special Type Threats APPENDIX B –Common Special Type Threats .......................................................................... 57 APPENDIX C –Armor Sizing Templates APPENDIX C –Armor Sizing Templates APPENDIX C –Armor Sizing Templates ..................................................................................... 59 APPENDIX D –Analysis of Backface Signature Data APPENDIX D –Analysis of Backface Signature Data APPENDIX D –Analysis of Backface Signature Data ................................................................. 65 APPENDIX E –Analysis of Ballistic Limit Data APPENDIX E –Analysis of Ballistic Limit Data APPENDIX E –Analysis of Ballistic Limit Data ......................................................................... 69 APPENDIX F –Explanatory Materials APPENDIX F –Explanatory Materials APPENDIX F –Explanatory Materials ......................................................................................... 71 TABLES Table 1. Armor samples required for each test threat (flexible vests and jackets) Table 1. Armor samples required for each test threat (flexible vests and jackets) Table 1. Armor samples required for each test threat (flexible vests and jackets) ....................... 11 Table 2. Uniform thermal exposure conditions Table 2. Uniform thermal exposure conditions Table 2. Uniform thermal exposure conditions ............................................................................ 33 Table 3. Thermal cycle testing conditions Table 3. Thermal cycle testing conditions Table 3. Thermal cycle testing conditions .................................................................................... 34 Table 4. P-BFS performance test summary Table 4. P-BFS performance test summary Table 4. P-BFS performance test summary .................................................................................. 46 Table 5. Number of shots and fair hits on each size of new condition armor samples Table 5. Number of shots and fair hits on each size of new condition armor samples Table 5. Number of shots and fair hits on each size of new condition armor samples ................. 47 Table 6. Number of shots and fair hits on each size of conditioned samples Table 6. Number of shots and fair hits on each size of conditioned samples Table 6. Number of shots and fair hits on each size of conditioned samples ............................... 47 Table 7. Angle of incidence locations Table 7. Angle of incidence locations Table 7. Angle of incidence locations ........................................................................................... 48 Table 8. Baseline ballistic limit determination test summary Table 8. Baseline ballistic limit determination test summary Table 8. Baseline ballistic limit determination test summary ....................................................... 50 Table 9. Test parameters and requirements for ballistic limit test Table 9. Test parameters and requirements for ballistic limit test Table 9. Test parameters and requirements for ballistic limit test ................................................ 51 Table 10. Acceptable bullets Table 10. Acceptable bullets Table 10. Acceptable bullets ......................................................................................................... 55 Table 11. Special type threats of particular concern to law enforcement Table 11. Special type threats of particular concern to law enforcement Table 11. Special type threats of particular concern to law enforcement ..................................... 58 Table 12. Surface areas of armor sizing templates Table 12. Surface areas of armor sizing templates Table 12. Surface areas of armor sizing templates ....................................................................... 59 Table 13. Minimum allowable surface areas for production armor Table 13. Minimum allowable surface areas for production armor Table 13. Minimum allowable surface areas for production armor .............................................. 59 Table 14. Maximum allowable surface areas for production armor Table 14. Maximum allowable surface areas for production armor Table 14. Maximum allowable surface areas for production armor ............................................. 59 Table 15. k Factors for 80 % Probability with 95 % Confidence……………………………………. Table 15. k Factors for 80 % Probability with 95 % Confidence……………………………………. 67 FIGURES Figure 1. Angle of incidence Figure 1. Angle of incidence Figure 1. Angle of incidence ........................................................................................................... 5 Figure 2. Examples of BFS measurements Figure 2. Examples of BFS measurements Figure 2. Examples of BFS measurements ..................................................................................... 6 Figure 3. Sample quantity and utilization for armor Types IIA, II, and IIIA Figure 3. Sample quantity and utilization for armor Types IIA, II, and IIIA Figure 3. Sample quantity and utilization for armor Types IIA, II, and IIIA ............................... 14 Special Special Figure 4. Sample quantity and utilization for flexible armor of Type III, Type IV, and Type ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... 15 Figure 5. Sample quantity and utilization for hard armors and plate inserts of Type III Figure 5. Sample quantity and utilization for hard armors and plate inserts of Type III Figure 5. Sample quantity and utilization for hard armors and plate inserts of Type III .............. 16 Figure 6. Sample quantity and utilization for hard armors and plate inserts of Type IV Figure 6. Sample quantity and utilization for hard armors and plate inserts of Type IV Figure 6. Sample quantity and utilization for hard armors and plate inserts of Type IV ............. 16 Figure 7. Example label for test samples Figure 7. Example label for test samples Figure 7. Example label for test samples ...................................................................................... 19 Figure 8. Test range configuration Figure 8. Test range configuration Figure 8. Test range configuration ................................................................................................ 21 Figure 9. General pretest drop locations Figure 9. General pretest drop locations Figure 9. General pretest drop locations ....................................................................................... 25 Figure 10. Flexible armor conditioning test interruption flow chart Figure 10. Flexible armor conditioning test interruption flow chart Figure 10. Flexible armor conditioning test interruption flow chart ............................................ 31 Figure 11. Test interruption flowchart for hard armor Figure 11. Test interruption flowchart for hard armor Figure 11. Test interruption flowchart for hard armor .................................................................. 37 Figure 12. Proposed mechanical durability test apparatus Figure 12. Proposed mechanical durability test apparatus Figure 12. Proposed mechanical durability test apparatus ........................................................... 38 Figure 13. Acceptable strapping methods Figure 13. Acceptable strapping methods Figure 13. Acceptable strapping methods ..................................................................................... 42 Figure 14. General armor panel impact locations (front and back) Figure 14. General armor panel impact locations (front and back) Figure 14. General armor panel impact locations (front and back) .............................................. 44 STANDARD SPECIFIC ABBREVIATIONS ACP = Automatic Colt Pistol LR = Long Rifle ANSI = American National Standards Institute LRN = Lead Round Nose AP = Armor Piercing NLECTC = National Law Enforcement and Corrections BFS = Backface Signature Technology Center BL = Ballistic Limit P-BFS = Perforation and Backface Signature CPO = Compliance Program Office RN = Round Nose CTP = Compliance Testing Program S&W = Smith & Wesson CTR = Compliance Test Report SAAMI = Sporting Arms and Ammunition FMJ = Full Metal Jacket Manufacturers’ Institute ISO = I COMMONLY USED SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS A A A ampere H henry nm nanometer ac ac alternating current h hour No. number AM AM amplitude modulation hf high frequency o.d. outside diameter cd cd candela Hz hertz Ω ohm cm cm centimeter i.d. inside diameter p. page CP CP chemically pure in inch Pa pascal c/s c/s cycle per second IR infrared pe probable error d d day J joule pp. pages dB dB decibel L lambert ppm parts per million dc dc direct current L liter qt quart °C °C degree Celsius Lb pound rad radian °F °F degree Fahrenheit lbf pound force rf radio frequency diam diam diameter lbf⋅in pound force inch rh relative humidity emf emf electromotive force lm lumen s second eq eq equation ln logarithm (base e) SD standard deviation F F farad log logarithm (base 10) sec. section fc fc footcandle M molar SWR standing wave ratio fig. fig. figure m meter uhf ultrahigh frequency FM FM frequency modulation min. minute UV ultraviolet ft ft foot mm millimeter V volt ft/s ft/s foot per second mph miles per hour vhf very high frequency g g acceleration m/s meter per second W watt g g gram N newton λ wavelength gr gr grain N⋅m newton meter wt weight area = unit (e.g., ft, in, etc.); volume = unit (e.g., ft, m, etc.) 2 2 2 3 3 3 PREFIXES COMMON CONVERSIONS (See ASTM E380) d deci (10) da deka (10) 0.30480 m = 1 ft 4.448222 N = 1 lbf c centi (10) h hecto (10) 2.54 cm = 1 in 1.355818 J = 1 ft⋅lbf m milli (10) k kilo (10) 0.4535924 kg = 1 lb 0.1129848 N.m = 1 lbf⋅in -1 -2 2 -3 3 µ micro (10) M mega (10) 0.06479891 g = 1 gr 14.59390 N/m = 1 lbf/ft n nano (10) G giga (10) 0.9463529 L = 1 qt 6894.757 Pa = 1 lbf/inp pico (10) T tera (10) 3600000 J = 1 kW⋅h 1.609344 km/h = 1 mph -6 6 -9 9 2 -12 12 Temperature: T°C = (T°F - 32) × 5/9 Temperature: T°F = (T°C × 9/5) + 32 This page intentionally left blank. FOR BALLISTIC RESISTANCE OF BODY ARMOR NIJ STANDARD–0101.06 1. PURPOSE AND SCOPE The purpose of this standard is to establish minimum performance requirements and test methods for the ballistic resistance of personal body armor intended to protect against gunfire. This standard is a revision of NIJ , dated September 2000. It supersedes revisions and addenda to NIJ . Standard–0101.04 the NIJ 2005 Interim Requirements, dated September 2005, NIJ Standard–0101.04, and all other Standard–0101.04 The scope of the standard is limited to ballistic resistance only; this standard does not address threats from knives and sharply pointed instruments, which are different types of threats and are addressed in the current version of NIJ Standard–0115 Stab Resistance of Personal Body Armor. Body armor manufacturers and purchasers may use this standard to help to determine whether specific armor models meet Structure Bookmarks JULY 08 U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs National Institute of Justice Figure STANDARDS STANDARDS www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs 810 Seventh Street N.W. Washington, DC 20531 Michael B. Mukasey Attorney General Jeffrey L. Sedgwick Acting Assistant Attorney General David W. Hagy Director, National Institute of Justice This and other publications and products of the National Institute of Justice can be found at: National Institute of Justice www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij Office of Justice Programs Innovation • Partnerships • Safer Neighborhoods www.ojp.usdoj.gov www.ojp.usdoj.gov ABOUT THE LAW ENFORCEMENT AND CORRECTIONS STANDARDS AND TESTING PROGRAM The Standards and Testing Program is sponsored by the Office of Science and Technology of the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice. The program responds to the mandate of the Homeland Security Act of 2002, which directed the Office of Science and Technology to establish and maintain performance standards in accordance with the National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act of 1995 (Public Law 104–113) to test and evaluate law enforcement technologies The Standards and Testing Program is a basic and applied research effort that determines the technological needs of justice system agencies, sets minimum performance standards for specific devices, tests commercially available equipment against those standards, and disseminates the standards and the test results to criminal justice agencies nationally and internationally. The Office of Law Enforcement Standards (OLES) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology develops voluntary national performance standards for compliance testing to ensure that individual items of equipment are suitable for use by criminal justice agencies. The standards are based upon laboratory testing and evaluation of representative samples of each item of equipment to determine the key attributes, develop test methods, and establish minimum performance requirements for each essential attrib The National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center (NLECTC), operated by a grantee, coordinates a national compliance testing program conducted by independent laboratories. The standards developed by OLES serve as performance benchmarks against which commercial equipment is measured. Publications are available at no charge through NLECTC. Some documents are also available online at . To request a document or additional information, call 800–248–2742 or 301–519–5060, or write: https://www.justnet.org/justnet.html https://www.justnet.org/justnet.html National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center 2277 Research Boulevard, Mailstop 8J Rockville, MD 20850 E-mail: World Wide Web address: asknlectc@nlectc.org asknlectc@nlectc.org http://www.justnet.org The National Institute of Justice is a component of the Office of Justice Programs, which also includes the Bureau of Justice Assistance, the Bureau of Justice Statistics, the Community Capacity Development Office, the Office for Victims of Crime; the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, and the Office of Sex Offender Sentencing, Monitoring, Apprehending, Registering, and Tracking (SMART). This page intentionally left blank. U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs National Institute of Justice Ballistic Resistance of Body Armor NIJ Standard–0101.06 Supersedes: NIJ 2005 Interim Requirements, Ballistic Resistance of Body Armor (August 2005) Also supersedes: NIJ Rev. A, Ballistic Resistance of Personal Body Armor (June 2001) Standard–0101.04 Coordination by: Office of Law Enforcement Standards National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD 20899–8102 Prepared for: National Institute of Justice Office of Science and Technology Washington, DC 20531 July 2008 NCJ 223054 NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF JUSTICE David Hagy Director John Morgan Deputy Director for Science and Technology Marc Caplan Chief, Operational Technologies Division Debra Stoe Physical Scientist, Operational Technologies Division The technical effort to develop this standard was conducted under Interagency Agreement 2003–IJ–R–029. This standard was formulated by the Office of Law Enforcement Standards (OLES) of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The participants in the research and revision of this standard were: Kirk Rice, Program Manager, Weapons and Protective Systems Michael A. Riley, Program Manager, Weapons and Protective Systems, Testing and Evaluation Amanda Forster, Materials Research Engineer The preparation of this standard was sponsored by the National Institute of Justice. FOREWORD This document, NIJ , “Ballistic Resistance of Body Armor,” is a minimum performance standard developed in collaboration with the Office of Law Enforcement Standards (OLES) of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). It is produced as part of the Standards and Testing Program of the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice. This standard is a technical document that specifies the minimum performance requirements that equipment must meet to Standard–0101.06 This document is a testing and performance standard and provides precise and detailed test methods. Additional requirements, processes, and procedures for CTP participants are detailed in the NIJ Voluntary CTP Administrative Procedures Manual. Those seeking guidance concerning the selection and application of body armor should refer to the most recent revision of the Selection and Application Guide to Personal Body Armor, NIJ Guide 100, which is published as a separate document and explains in nontechnical Publication of this revision of the standard does not invalidate or render unsuitable any body armor models previously determined by NIJ to be compliant to either the NIJ 2005 Interim Requirements or the NIJ Standard– 0101.04 Rev. A Requirements. While it may not necessary to remove these existing armors from service, agencies are advised to always require their procurements to meet or exceed the most recent and up-to-date version of this standard. Personal body armor that is independently tested to this standard by manufacturers, purchasers, or other parties will not be considered as NIJ compliant unless the body armor is submitted and tested through the NIJ CTP and found in compliance with this standard. When manufacturers seek NIJ compliance of their armor to this standard and the armor contains unique materials or forms of construction that may not have been anticipated when this standard was drafted, NIJ may modify the test methods of the standard to take those features into account. If NIJ determines that the model meets the requirements of the standard, modified test methods, and the NIJ CTP, NIJ will include the armor on the NIJ Compliant Products List. NIJ standards are subjected to continued research, development, testing, review, and revision. This standard and its successors will be re-evaluated and modified as necessary. Because of ongoing advancements in ballistic-resistant materials, changes to armor designs and manufacturing techniques, and improvements in testing methods, NIJ reserves the right to withhold NIJ compliance status for body armor that meets the current requirements but is deemed by NIJ to pose a risk to officer safety. NIJ also reserv Technical comments and recommended revisions are welcome. Please send all written comments and suggestions to the Deputy Director, Office of Science and Technology, National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice, 810 Seventh Street, NW, Washington, DC 20531. Before citing this or any other NIJ standard in a contract document, users should verify that the most recent edition of the standard is used. The most recent edition will be available on the Justice Technology Inf http://www.justnet.org http://www.justnet.org John Morgan, Deputy Director for Science and Technology, National Institute of Justice CONTENTS Foreword Foreword Foreword Foreword ......................................................................................................................................... v Commonly Used Symbols And Abbreviations Commonly Used Symbols And Abbreviations Commonly Used Symbols And Abbreviations .............................................................................. xi 1. 1. 1. Purpose And Scope ................................................................................................................. 1 2. 2. 2. NIJ Body Armor Classification ............................................................................................... 3 2.1 2.1 2.1 Type IIA (9 mm; .40 S&W) ............................................................................................ 3 2.2 2.2 2.2 Type II (9 mm; .357 Magnum) ....................................................................................... 3 2.3 2.3 2.3 Type IIIA (.357 SIG; .44 Magnum) ................................................................................ 3 2.4 2.4 2.4 Type III (Rifles) .............................................................................................................. 4 2.5 2.5 2.5 Type IV (Armor Piercing Rifle) ..................................................................................... 4 2.6 2.6 2.6 Special Type .................................................................................................................... 4 3. 3. 3. Definitions ............................................................................................................................... 5 4. 4. 4. Sample Requirements and Laboratory Configuration ........................................................... 11 4.1 4.1 4.1 Test Samples ................................................................................................................. 11 4.1.1 4.1.1 4.1.1 Flexible Vests and Jackets .............................................................................. 11 4.1.2 4.1.2 4.1.2 Hard Armors and Plate Inserts ........................................................................ 12 4.1.3 4.1.3 4.1.3 Accessory Ballistic Panels .............................................................................. 17 4.1.4 4.1.4 4.1.4 Workmanship .................................................................................................. 17 4.1.5 4.1.5 4.1.5 Labeling .......................................................................................................... 17 4.1.6 4.1.6 4.1.6 Armor Carriers With Removable Ballistic Panels .......................................... 20 4.1.7 4.1.7 4.1.7 Armors With Built-In Inserts or Trauma Packs .............................................. 20 4.2 4.2 4.2 Laboratory Configuration and Test Equipment ............................................................ 20 4.2.1 4.2.1 4.2.1 Range Configuration ....................................................................................... 20 4.2.2 4.2.2 4.2.2 Test Rounds and Barrels ................................................................................. 22 4.2.3 4.2.3 4.2.3 Velocity Measurement Equipment ................................................................. 22 4.2.4 4.2.4 4.2.4 Armor Submersion Equipment ....................................................................... 23 4.2.5 4.2.5 4.2.5 Armor Backing Material ................................................................................. 23 5. 5. 5. Flexible Armor Conditioning Protocol .................................................................................. 27 5.1 5.1 5.1 Purpose and Scope ........................................................................................................ 27 5.2 5.2 5.2 Pretest Parameters ......................................................................................................... 27 5.2.1 5.2.1 5.2.1 Storage of Armors ........................................................................................... 27 5.2.2 5.2.2 5.2.2 Pretest Calibrations ......................................................................................... 27 5.2.3 5.2.3 5.2.3 Test Conditions ............................................................................................... 27 5.3 5.3 5.3 Laboratory Configuration and Test Equipment ............................................................ 28 5.3.1 5.3.1 5.3.1 General Parameters ......................................................................................... 28 5.3.2 5.3.2 5.3.2 Controls ........................................................................................................... 29 5.3.3 5.3.3 5.3.3 Test Interruption .............................................................................................. 29 5.3.4 5.3.4 5.3.4 Procedure ........................................................................................................ 30 6. 6. 6. Hard Armor Conditioning Protocol ....................................................................................... 33 6.1 6.1 6.1 Purpose and Scope ........................................................................................................ 33 6.2 6.2 6.2 Pretest Parameters ......................................................................................................... 33 6.2.1 6.2.1 6.2.1 Storage of Armors ........................................................................................... 33 6.2.2 6.2.2 6.2.2 Pretest Calibrations ......................................................................................... 33 6.2.3 6.2.3 6.2.3 Test Conditions ............................................................................................... 33 6.3 6.3 6.3 Laboratory Configuration and Test Equipment ............................................................ 35 6.3.1 6.3.1 6.3.1 General Parameters ......................................................................................... 35 6.3.2 6.3.2 6.3.2 Controls ........................................................................................................... 35 6.3.3 6.3.3 6.3.3 Test Interruption .............................................................................................. 35 6.3.4 6.3.4 6.3.4 Conditioning Procedure .................................................................................. 36 7. 7. 7. Ballistic Test Methods ........................................................................................................... 39 7.1 7.1 7.1 Purpose and Scope ........................................................................................................ 39 7.2 7.2 7.2 Test Order ..................................................................................................................... 39 7.3 7.3 7.3 Workmanship Examination .......................................................................................... 39 7.3.1 7.3.1 7.3.1 Armor Carriers and Ballistic Panel Covers ..................................................... 39 7.3.2 7.3.2 7.3.2 Ballistic Panels ................................................................................................ 39 7.3.3 7.3.3 7.3.3 Label Examination .......................................................................................... 39 7.4 7.4 7.4 Sampling ....................................................................................................................... 40 7.5 7.5 7.5 Sample Acclimation ...................................................................................................... 40 7.5.1 7.5.1 7.5.1 Inserts .............................................................................................................. 40 7.6 7.6 7.6 Fair Hit Requirements for All Ballistic Tests ............................................................... 40 7.6.1 7.6.1 7.6.1 Minimum Shot-to-Edge Distance ................................................................... 40 7.6.2 7.6.2 7.6.2 Minimum Shot-to-Shot Distance .................................................................... 40 7.7 7.7 7.7 Backing Material Preparation and Sample Mounting for All Ballistic Tests ............... 41 7.7.1 7.7.1 7.7.1 Backing Material Fixture Preparation ............................................................. 41 7.7.2 7.7.2 7.7.2 Mounting Armor for Ballistic Testing ............................................................ 41 7.8 7.8 7.8 Perforation and Backface Signature Test (P-BFS) ....................................................... 43 7.8.1 7.8.1 7.8.1 Shot Location Marking ................................................................................... 43 7.8.2 7.8.2 7.8.2 Armor Submersion .......................................................................................... 45 7.8.3 7.8.3 7.8.3 Test Threats for P-BFS Tests .......................................................................... 45 7.8.4 7.8.4 7.8.4 Test Duration .................................................................................................. 45 7.8.5 7.8.5 7.8.5 Requirements for Number of Shots and Number of Armor Samples ............. 45 7.8.6 7.8.6 7.8.6 P-BFS Test for Special Type Armor ............................................................... 49 7.8.7 7.8.7 7.8.7 P-BFS Test for Accessory Ballistic Panels ..................................................... 49 7.8.8 7.8.8 7.8.8 P-BFS Performance Requirements ................................................................. 49 7.9 7.9 7.9 Ballistic Limit (BL) Determination Test ....................................................................... 50 7.9.1 7.9.1 7.9.1 Requirements for Number of BL Tests and Test Samples ............................. 51 7.9.2 7.9.2 7.9.2 Test Procedure Requirements ......................................................................... 51 7.9.3 7.9.3 7.9.3 Backing Material Conditioning ....................................................................... 52 7.9.4 7.9.4 7.9.4 Data Set Tabulation ......................................................................................... 52 7.9.5 7.9.5 7.9.5 Ballistic Limit Performance Requirements ..................................................... 52 8. 8. 8. References ............................................................................................................................. 53 APPENDIX A –Acceptable Bullets for Handloading APPENDIX A –Acceptable Bullets for Handloading APPENDIX A –Acceptable Bullets for Handloading .................................................................. 55 APPENDIX B –Common Special Type Threats APPENDIX B –Common Special Type Threats APPENDIX B –Common Special Type Threats .......................................................................... 57 APPENDIX C –Armor Sizing Templates APPENDIX C –Armor Sizing Templates APPENDIX C –Armor Sizing Templates ..................................................................................... 59 APPENDIX D –Analysis of Backface Signature Data APPENDIX D –Analysis of Backface Signature Data APPENDIX D –Analysis of Backface Signature Data ................................................................. 65 APPENDIX E –Analysis of Ballistic Limit Data APPENDIX E –Analysis of Ballistic Limit Data APPENDIX E –Analysis of Ballistic Limit Data ......................................................................... 69 APPENDIX F –Explanatory Materials APPENDIX F –Explanatory Materials APPENDIX F –Explanatory Materials ......................................................................................... 71 TABLES Table 1. Armor samples required for each test threat (flexible vests and jackets) Table 1. Armor samples required for each test threat (flexible vests and jackets) Table 1. Armor samples required for each test threat (flexible vests and jackets) ....................... 11 Table 2. Uniform thermal exposure conditions Table 2. Uniform thermal exposure conditions Table 2. Uniform thermal exposure conditions ............................................................................ 33 Table 3. Thermal cycle testing conditions Table 3. Thermal cycle testing conditions Table 3. Thermal cycle testing conditions .................................................................................... 34 Table 4. P-BFS performance test summary Table 4. P-BFS performance test summary Table 4. P-BFS performance test summary .................................................................................. 46 Table 5. Number of shots and fair hits on each size of new condition armor samples Table 5. Number of shots and fair hits on each size of new condition armor samples Table 5. Number of shots and fair hits on each size of new condition armor samples ................. 47 Table 6. Number of shots and fair hits on each size of conditioned samples Table 6. Number of shots and fair hits on each size of conditioned samples Table 6. Number of shots and fair hits on each size of conditioned samples ............................... 47 Table 7. Angle of incidence locations Table 7. Angle of incidence locations Table 7. Angle of incidence locations ........................................................................................... 48 Table 8. Baseline ballistic limit determination test summary Table 8. Baseline ballistic limit determination test summary Table 8. Baseline ballistic limit determination test summary ....................................................... 50 Table 9. Test parameters and requirements for ballistic limit test Table 9. Test parameters and requirements for ballistic limit test Table 9. Test parameters and requirements for ballistic limit test ................................................ 51 Table 10. Acceptable bullets Table 10. Acceptable bullets Table 10. Acceptable bullets ......................................................................................................... 55 Table 11. Special type threats of particular concern to law enforcement Table 11. Special type threats of particular concern to law enforcement Table 11. Special type threats of particular concern to law enforcement ..................................... 58 Table 12. Surface areas of armor sizing templates Table 12. Surface areas of armor sizing templates Table 12. Surface areas of armor sizing templates ....................................................................... 59 Table 13. Minimum allowable surface areas for production armor Table 13. Minimum allowable surface areas for production armor Table 13. Minimum allowable surface areas for production armor .............................................. 59 Table 14. Maximum allowable surface areas for production armor Table 14. Maximum allowable surface areas for production armor Table 14. Maximum allowable surface areas for production armor ............................................. 59 Table 15. k Factors for 80 % Probability with 95 % Confidence........................................... Table 15. k Factors for 80 % Probability with 95 % Confidence........................................... 67 FIGURES Figure 1. Angle of incidence Figure 1. Angle of incidence Figure 1. Angle of incidence ........................................................................................................... 5 Figure 2. Examples of BFS measurements Figure 2. Examples of BFS measurements Figure 2. Examples of BFS measurements ..................................................................................... 6 Figure 3. Sample quantity and utilization for armor Types IIA, II, and IIIA Figure 3. Sample quantity and utilization for armor Types IIA, II, and IIIA Figure 3. Sample quantity and utilization for armor Types IIA, II, and IIIA ............................... 14 Special Special Figure 4. Sample quantity and utilization for flexible armor of Type III, Type IV, and Type ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... 15 Figure 5. Sample quantity and utilization for hard armors and plate inserts of Type III Figure 5. Sample quantity and utilization for hard armors and plate inserts of Type III Figure 5. Sample quantity and utilization for hard armors and plate inserts of Type III .............. 16 Figure 6. Sample quantity and utilization for hard armors and plate inserts of Type IV Figure 6. Sample quantity and utilization for hard armors and plate inserts of Type IV Figure 6. Sample quantity and utilization for hard armors and plate inserts of Type IV ............. 16 Figure 7. Example label for test samples Figure 7. Example label for test samples Figure 7. Example label for test samples ...................................................................................... 19 Figure 8. Test range configuration Figure 8. Test range configuration Figure 8. Test range configuration ................................................................................................ 21 Figure 9. General pretest drop locations Figure 9. General pretest drop locations Figure 9. General pretest drop locations ....................................................................................... 25 Figure 10. Flexible armor conditioning test interruption flow chart Figure 10. Flexible armor conditioning test interruption flow chart Figure 10. Flexible armor conditioning test interruption flow chart ............................................ 31 Figure 11. Test interruption flowchart for hard armor Figure 11. Test interruption flowchart for hard armor Figure 11. Test interruption flowchart for hard armor .................................................................. 37 Figure 12. Proposed mechanical durability test apparatus Figure 12. Proposed mechanical durability test apparatus Figure 12. Proposed mechanical durability test apparatus ........................................................... 38 Figure 13. Acceptable strapping methods Figure 13. Acceptable strapping methods Figure 13. Acceptable strapping methods ..................................................................................... 42 Figure 14. General armor panel impact locations (front and back) Figure 14. General armor panel impact locations (front and back) Figure 14. General armor panel impact locations (front and back) .............................................. 44 STANDARD SPECIFIC ABBREVIATIONS ACP = Automatic Colt Pistol LR = Long Rifle ANSI = American National Standards Institute LRN = Lead Round Nose AP = Armor Piercing NLECTC = National Law Enforcement and Corrections BFS = Backface Signature Technology Center BL = Ballistic Limit P-BFS = Perforation and Backface Signature CPO = Compliance Program Office RN = Round Nose CTP = Compliance Testing Program S&W = Smith & Wesson CTR = Compliance Test Report SAAMI = Sporting Arms and Ammunition FMJ = Full Metal Jacket Manufacturers’ Institute ISO = I COMMONLY USED SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS A A A ampere H henry nm nanometer ac ac alternating current h hour No. number AM AM amplitude modulation hf high frequency o.d. outside diameter cd cd candela Hz hertz Ω ohm cm cm centimeter i.d. inside diameter p. page CP CP chemically pure in inch Pa pascal c/s c/s cycle per second IR infrared pe probable error d d day J joule pp. pages dB dB decibel L lambert ppm parts per million dc dc direct current L liter qt quart °C °C degree Celsius Lb pound rad radian °F °F degree Fahrenheit lbf pound force rf radio frequency diam diam diameter lbf⋅in pound force inch rh relative humidity emf emf electromotive force lm lumen s second eq eq equation ln logarithm (base e) SD standard deviation F F farad log logarithm (base 10) sec. section fc fc footcandle M molar SWR standing wave ratio fig. fig. figure m meter uhf ultrahigh frequency FM FM frequency modulation min. minute UV ultraviolet ft ft foot mm millimeter V volt ft/s ft/s foot per second mph miles per hour vhf very high frequency g g acceleration m/s meter per second W watt g g gram N newton λ wavelength gr gr grain N⋅m newton meter wt weight area = unit (e.g., ft, in, etc.); volume = unit (e.g., ft, m, etc.) 2 2 2 3 3 3 PREFIXES COMMON CONVERSIONS (See ASTM E380) d deci (10) da deka (10) 0.30480 m = 1 ft 4.448222 N = 1 lbf c centi (10) h hecto (10) 2.54 cm = 1 in 1.355818 J = 1 ft⋅lbf m milli (10) k kilo (10) 0.4535924 kg = 1 lb 0.1129848 N.m = 1 lbf⋅in -1 -2 2 -3 3 μ micro (10) M mega (10) 0.06479891 g = 1 gr 14.59390 N/m = 1 lbf/ft n nano (10) G giga (10) 0.9463529 L = 1 qt 6894.757 Pa = 1 lbf/inp pico (10) T tera (10) 3600000 J = 1 kW⋅h 1.609344 km/h = 1 mph -6 6 -9 9 2 -12 12 Temperature: T°C = (T°F - 32) × 5/9 Temperature: T°F = (T°C × 9/5) + 32 This page intentionally left blank. FOR BALLISTIC RESISTANCE OF BODY ARMOR NIJ STANDARD–0101.06 1. PURPOSE AND SCOPE The purpose of this standard is to establish minimum performance requirements and test methods for the ballistic resistance of personal body armor intended to protect against gunfire. This standard is a revision of NIJ , dated September 2000. It supersedes revisions and addenda to NIJ . Standard–0101.04 the NIJ 2005 Interim Requirements, dated September 2005, NIJ Standard–0101.04, and all other Standard–0101.04 The scope of the standard is limited to ballistic resistance only; this standard does not address threats from knives and sharply pointed instruments, which are different types of threats and are addressed in the current version of NIJ Standard–0115 Stab Resistance of Personal Body Armor. Body armor manufacturers and purchasers may use this standard