NGOs and Corporations: Conflict and Collaboration (Business, Value Creation, and Society)

We Live In A Period Marked By The Ascendency Of Corporations. At The Same Time, The Number Of Non-governmental Organizations (ngos) - Such As Amnesty International, Care, Greenpeace, Oxfam, Save The Children, And The Wwf - Has Rapidly Increased In The Last Twenty Years. As A Result, These Two Very Different Types Of Organization Are Playing An Increasingly Important Role In Shaping Our Society, Yet They Often Have Very Different Agendas. This Book Focuses On The Dynamic Interactions, Both Conflictual And Collaborative, That Exist Between Corporations And Ngos. It Includes Rigorous Models, Frameworks, And Case Studies To Document The Various Ways That Ngos Target Corporations Through Boycotts, Proxy Campaigns, And Other Advocacy Initiatives. It Also Explains The Emerging Pattern Of Cross-sectoral Alliances And Partnerships Between Corporations And Ngos. This Book Can Help Managers, Activists, Scholars, And Students To Better Understand The Nature, Scope, And Evolution Of These Complex Interactions.--jacket. Part I: Understanding Ngos. Classifying Ngos: Definitions, Typologies And Networks ; The Emergence Of Ngos In The Context Of Business-government-societal Relationships ; The Emergence Of Ngos In The Context Of Ethical And Institutional Complexity ; Case Illustration: Genetically Modified Organisms, Social Movements And Ngos ; Case Illustration: Protecting The People: Environmental Ngos And Txu Energy -- Part Ii: Ngo Advocacy Campaigns. Ngo Campaigns Against Corporations And (de- ) Legitimacy ; How Do They Do It? Understanding The Power And Influence Of Radical Advocacy Ngos ; Ngo Campaign Types And Company Responses ; Case Illustration: Peta And Kfc ; Case Illustration: Coca-cola In India -- Part Iii: Ngo-corporate Engagement. Corporate-ngo Engagements: From Conflict To Collaboration ; Globalization, Multinationals And Ngos: The Next Wave ; Case Illustration: Conflict Diamonds ; Case Illustration: Unilever In Indonesia ; Case Illustration: Microfinance And Poverty Reduction -- Part Iv: The Future Of Corporate-ngo Relations. The Future Of Corporate-ngo Relations. Michael Yaziji And Jonathan Doh. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. Half-title 3 Series title 4 Title 7 Copyright 8 Contents 11 Figures 13 Tables 14 Preface 15 Notes 18 Foreword 19 Acknowledgments 21 Part 1: Understanding NGOs 23 1 Classifying NGOs: definitions, typologies and networks 25 Definitions of NGOs 25 NGO typologies 27 Who benefits from the NGO? 28 Self-benefiting NGOs 28 Other-benefiting NGOs 28 Some differentiating characteristics 28 Types of NGO activities 29 Advocacy NGOs 30 Service NGOs 31 Hybrid and evolving NGOs 31 NGOs and their networks 32 Conclusion 35 Notes 35 2 The emergence of NGOs in the context of business-government-societal relationships 37 The worldwide NGO presence 37 Conditions conducive to the emergence of NGOs 38 Dissatisfaction with the economic system: three forms of market failure 40 Social desirability 41 Externalization 41 The power of imperfect competition 42 Dissatisfaction with regulatory and legislative responses to market failures 43 Four sources of regulatory and legislative failure and NGO accountability 44 Agreement that there is a market failure problem that needs to be addressed 44 Different philosophical positions regarding the extent to which government should intervene in the market 44 A power imbalance in the political system 45 Undue influence of some stakeholders in the political process 46 NGO accountability 47 The rising influence of advocacy NGOs 48 Political conditions 49 Economic conditions 49 Social conditions 49 Technological conditions 50 Future trends 51 Conclusion 53 Notes 53 3 The emergence of NGOs in the context of ethical and institutional complexity 55 The evolution of complex responsibilities 55 Ethical complexity 56 Underlying dynamics 56 Consequences 60 Institutional complexity 61 Underlying dynamics 62 Legitimacy 62 Consequences 64 Conclusion 65 Notes 66 Case illustration: genetically modified organisms, social movements and NGOs 68 Notes 70 Case illustration: protecting the people - environmental NGOs and TXU Energ 72 Notes 74 Part II: NGO advocacy campaigns 77 4 NGO campaigns against corporations and (de-)legitimacy 79 Social and political risk 79 A neo-institutional understanding of campaigns 80 The process of normative delegitimation 81 Antecedents of social risk 84 Firm-specific risk factors 84 Institutional risk factors 88 Competing institutional demands 88 Conflicting institutional demands 89 Contested institutional dominance 89 Institutional change 90 Social movement context 90 Political environment 90 Economic environment 91 Social environment 91 Technological environment 91 Conclusion 92 Notes 92 5 How do they do it? Understanding the power and influence of radical advocacy NGOs 96 The radical NGO paradox 96 Resource pools 97 The resource pools of radical NGOs and corporations 98 Resource pools and organizational ideology 99 Radicalism 100 Cognitive and emotional drivers for NGO activities 100 Radicalism and homogeneity 101 Homogeneity of resource providers as a source of organizational freedom 103 Radicalism, homogeneity and impact 104 Homogeneity yields impact 104 Radicalism and tactic selection 107 Radicalism and target selection 110 Conclusion 112 Notes 113 6 NGO campaign types and company responses 115 Watchdog campaigns 116 Watchdog target selection 116 Watchdog rhetoric and audience 116 Watchdog tactics 118 Proxy war campaigns 119 Proxy war target selection 120 Proxy war rhetoric and audience 121 Proxy war tactics 122 Implications of campaigns for NGOs and corporations 123 Implications for NGOs 123 Implications for companies and their managers 129 Suchman strategies 131 Conclusion 132 Notes 133 Case illustration: PETA and KFC 134 Notes 136 Case illustration: Coca-Cola in India 137 Notes 140 Part III: Corporate-NGO engagement 143 7 Corporate-NGO engagements: from conflict to collaboration 145 Collaboration classifications and perspectives 146 Collaboration from the corporate perspective 149 Strengths NGOs bring to corporations 149 Legitimacy 149 Awareness of social forces 150 Distinct networks 150 Specialized technical expertise 150 Benefits to be accrued through collaboration 151 Head off trouble 151 Accelerate innovation 153 Foresee shifts in demand 153 Shape legislation 154 Set industry standards 155 Risks and challenges 156 Best practices 157 Collaboration from the NGO perspective 159 Innovation, dynamism and evolution in corporate-NGO relations 161 Factors influencing collaboration 161 Conclusion 164 Notes 164 8 Globalization, multinationals and NGOs: the next wave 168 Early global NGO activity 169 NGOs and international economic policy 170 International strategies of NGOs: Countervailing forces and supportive partners 171 NGOs and international agreements and codes 173 NGOs and developing countries 177 Conclusion 180 Notes 181 Case illustration: conflict diamonds 184 Notes 187 Case illustration: Unilever in Indonesia 188 Notes 190 Case illustration: microfinance and poverty reduction 191 Notes 193 Part IV: The future of corporate-NGO relations 195 9 The future of corporate-NGO relations 197 The continuing progression of NGOs and their strategies 197 Corporate-NGO relations: an evolutionary perspective 199 Stage 1: Conflictual campaigns 200 Stage 2: Partnering with single firms around the firm's practices 201 Stage 3: Voluntary industry standards 201 Stage 4: The future - collaboration in the creation of new regulations 202 Conclusion 204 Notes 205 Index 206 9780521866842 Acknowledgements; List of tables; List of figures; Preface; Part I. Understanding NGOs: 1. Classifying NGOs: definitions, typologies and networks; 2. The emergence of NGOs in the context of business-government - societal relationships; 3. The emergence of NGOs in the context of ethical and institutional complexity; Case illustration: genetically modified organisms, social movements and NGOs; Case illustration: protecting the people: environmental NGOs and TXU energy; Part II. NGO Advocacy Campaigns: 4. NGO campaigns against corporations and (de-) legitimacy; 5. How do they do it? Understanding the power and influence of radical advocacy NGOs; 6. NGO campaign types and company responses; Case illustration: PETA and KFC; Case illustration: Coca-Cola in India; Part III. NGO-Corporate Engagement: 7. Corporate-NGO engagements: from conflict to collaboration; 8. Globalization, multinationals and NGOs: the next wave; Case illustration: conflict diamonds; Case illustration: Unilever in Indonesia; Case illustration: microfinance and poverty reduction; Part IV. The Future of Corporate-NGO Relations: 9. The future of corporate-NGO relations; Index. "We live in a period marked by the ascendency of corporations. At the same time, the number of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) - such as Amnesty International, CARE, Greenpeace, Oxfam, Save the Children, and the WWF - has rapidly increased in the last twenty years. As a result, these two very different types of organization are playing an increasingly important role in shaping our society, yet they often have very different agendas. This book focuses on the dynamic interactions, both conflictual and collaborative, that exist between corporations and NGOs. It includes rigorous models, frameworks, and case studies to document the various ways that NGOs target corporations through boycotts, proxy campaigns, and other advocacy initiatives. It also explains the emerging pattern of cross-sectoral alliances and partnerships between corporations and NGOs. This book can help managers, activists, scholars, and students to better understand the nature, scope, and evolution of these complex interactions."-- Jaquette

We live in a period marked by the ascendency of corporations. At the same time, the number of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) – such as Amnesty International, CARE, Greenpeace, Oxfam, Save the Children, and the WWF – has rapidly increased in the last twenty years. As a result, these two very different types of organization are playing an increasingly important role in shaping our society, yet they often have very different agendas. This book focuses on the dynamic interactions, both conflictual and collaborative, that exist between corporations and NGOs. It includes rigorous models, frameworks, and case studies to document the various ways that NGOs target corporations through boycotts, proxy campaigns, and other advocacy initiatives. It also explains the emerging pattern of cross-sectoral alliances and partnerships between corporations and NGOs. This book can help managers, activists, scholars, and students to better understand the nature, scope, and evolution of these complex interactions.