Newnes Radio and RF Engineering Pocket Book (Newnes Pocket Books)

New material in the third edition includes mobile base station antennas, operation of cellular networks, SAW filters and ceramic resonators, modulation for stereo FM broadcasts, ADPCM, and vocoders. *The essential data and information for modern radio engineering at your fingertips *Based on the practical knowhow of practicing engineers *Ideal for reference and revision Contents 4 Preface to second edition 10 Acknowledgements 10 Preface to third edition 11 1 Propagation of radio waves 12 1.1 Frequency and wavelength 12 1.2 The radio frequency spectrum 12 1.3 The isotropic radiator 14 1.4 Formation of radio waves 14 1.5 Behaviour of radio waves 18 1.6 Methods of propagation 24 1.7 Other propagation topics 29 2 The decibel scale 36 2.1 Decibels and the logarithmic scale 36 2.2 Decibels referred to absolute values 36 3 Transmission lines 46 3.1 General considerations 46 3.2 Impedance matching 46 3.3 Base band lines 47 3.4 Balanced line hybrids 47 3.5 Radio frequency lines 48 3.6 Waveguides 56 3.7 Other transmission line considerations 58 4 Antennas 63 4.1 Antenna characteristics 63 4.2 Antenna types 67 4.3 VHF and UHF antennas 72 4.4 Microwave antennas 80 4.5 Loop antennas 84 5 Resonant circuits 90 5.1 Series and parallel tuned circuits 90 5.2 Q factor 92 5.3 Coupled (band-pass) resonant circuits 92 6 Oscillators 96 6.1 Oscillator requirements 96 6.2 Tunable oscillators 96 6.3 Quartz crystal oscillators 98 6.4 Frequency synthesizers 100 6.5 Caesium and rubidium frequency standards 104 7 Piezo-electric devices 106 7.1 Piezo-electric effect 106 7.2 Quartz crystal characteristics 108 7.3 Specifying quartz crystals 112 7.4 Filters 113 7.5 SAW filters and resonators 116 8 Bandwidth requirements and modulation 121 8.1 Bandwidth of signals at base band 121 8.2 Modulation 123 8.3 Analogue modulation 124 8.4 Digital modulation 134 8.5 Spread spectrum transmission 140 9 Frequency planning 143 9.1 International and regional planning 143 9.2 National planning 143 9.3 Designations of radio emissions 145 9.4 Bandwidth and frequency designations 146 9.5 General frequency allocations 146 9.6 Classes of radio stations 150 9.7 Radio wavebands 153 10 Radio equipment 154 10.1 Transmitters 154 10.2 Receivers 159 10.3 Programmable equipment 168 11 Microwave communication 170 11.1 Microwave usage 170 11.2 Propagation 170 11.3 K Factor 172 11.4 Fresnel zones, reflections and multi-path fading 172 11.5 Performance criteria for analogue and digital links 175 11.6 Terminology 176 11.7 Link planning 176 11.8 Example of microwave link plan 176 12 Information privacy and encryption 178 12.1 Encryption principles 178 12.2 Speech encryption 179 12.3 Data encryption 180 12.4 Code division multiple access (CDMA) or spread spectrum 183 12.5 Classification of security 183 13 Multiplexing 184 13.1 Frequency division multiplex 184 13.2 Time division multiplex (TDM) 185 13.3 Code division multiple access (CDMA) 188 14 Speech digitization and synthesis 190 14.1 Pulse amplitude modulation 190 14.2 Pulse code modulation 190 14.3 ADPCM codecs 192 14.4 The G728 low delay CELP codec 192 14.5 The GSM codec 193 15 VHFandUHFmobile communication 194 15.1 Operating procedures 194 15.2 Control of base stations 197 15.3 Common base station (CBS) operation 197 15.4 Wide area coverage 198 16 Signalling 205 16.1 Sub-audio signalling 205 16.2 In-band tone and digital signalling 206 16.3 Digital signalling 208 16.4 Standard PSTN tones 209 17 Channel occupancy, availability and trunking 211 17.1 Channel occupancy and availability 211 17.2 Trunking 212 17.3 In-band interrupted scan (IBIS) trunking 214 17.4 Trunking to MPT 1327 specification 214 18 Mobile radio systems 216 18.1 Paging 216 18.2 Cordless telephones 217 18.3 Trunked radio 218 18.4 Analogue cellular radio-telephone networks 219 18.5 Global system mobile 220 18.6 Other digital mobile systems 222 18.7 Private mobile radio (PMR) 223 18.8 UK CB radio 224 19 Base station site management 225 19.1 Base station objectives 225 19.2 Site ownership or accommodation rental? 225 19.3 Choice of site 225 19.4 Masts and towers 226 19.5 Installation of electronic equipment 227 19.6 Earthing and protection against lightning 228 19.7 Erection of antennas 230 19.8 Interference 232 19.9 Antenna multi-coupling 236 19.10 Emergency power supplies 237 19.11 Approval and certification 238 20 Instrumentation 240 20.1 Accuracy, resolution and stability 240 20.2 Audio instruments 241 20.3 Radio frequency instruments 242 21 Batteries 247 21.1 Cell characteristics 247 21.2 Non-rechargeable, primary batteries 249 21.3 Rechargeable batteries 253 22 Satellite communications 257 22.1 Earth orbits 257 22.2 Communications by satellite link 259 22.3 Proposed satellite television formats 259 22.4 Global positioning system (GPS) 263 23 Connectors and interfaces 267 23.1 Audio and video connectors 267 23.2 Co-axial connector 269 23.3 Interfaces 279 24 Broadcasting 292 24.1 Standard frequency and time transmissions 292 24.2 Standard frequency formats 294 24.3 UK broadcasting bands 295 24.4 BBC VHF test tone transmissions 295 24.5 Engineering information about broadcast services 298 24.6 Characteristics of UHF terrestrial television systems 299 24.7 Terrestrial television channels 302 24.8 Terrestrial television aerial dimensions 305 24.9 AM broadcast station classes (USA) 306 24.10 FM broadcast frequencies and channel numbers ( USA) 307 24.11 US television channel assignments 310 24.12 License-free bands 312 24.13 Calculating radio antenna great circle bearings 313 25 Abbreviations and symbols 318 25.1 Abbreviations 318 25.2 Letter symbols by unit name 324 25.3 Electric quantities 332 26 Miscellaneous data 334 26.1 Fundamental constants 334 26.2 Electrical relationships 334 26.3 Dimensions of physical properties 335 26.4 Fundamental units 335 26.5 Greek alphabet 336 26.6 Standard units 336 26.7 Decimal multipliers 338 26.8 Useful formulae 338 26.9 Colour codes 345 Index 348 Referex Contents......Page 4 Acknowledgements......Page 10 Preface to third edition......Page 11 1.2 The radio frequency spectrum......Page 12 1.4 Formation of radio waves......Page 14 1.5 Behaviour of radio waves......Page 18 1.6 Methods of propagation......Page 24 1.7 Other propagation topics......Page 29 2.2 Decibels referred to absolute values......Page 36 3.2 Impedance matching......Page 46 3.4 Balanced line hybrids......Page 47 3.5 Radio frequency lines......Page 48 3.6 Waveguides......Page 56 3.7 Other transmission line considerations......Page 58 4.1 Antenna characteristics......Page 63 4.2 Antenna types......Page 67 4.3 VHF and UHF antennas......Page 72 4.4 Microwave antennas......Page 80 4.5 Loop antennas......Page 84 5.1 Series and parallel tuned circuits......Page 90 5.3 Coupled (band-pass) resonant circuits......Page 92 6.2 Tunable oscillators......Page 96 6.3 Quartz crystal oscillators......Page 98 6.4 Frequency synthesizers......Page 100 6.5 Caesium and rubidium frequency standards......Page 104 7.1 Piezo-electric effect......Page 106 7.2 Quartz crystal characteristics......Page 108 7.3 Specifying quartz crystals......Page 112 7.4 Filters......Page 113 7.5 SAW filters and resonators......Page 116 8.1 Bandwidth of signals at base band......Page 121 8.2 Modulation......Page 123 8.3 Analogue modulation......Page 124 8.4 Digital modulation......Page 134 8.5 Spread spectrum transmission......Page 140 9.2 National planning......Page 143 9.3 Designations of radio emissions......Page 145 9.5 General frequency allocations......Page 146 9.6 Classes of radio stations......Page 150 9.7 Radio wavebands......Page 153 10.1 Transmitters......Page 154 10.2 Receivers......Page 159 10.3 Programmable equipment......Page 168 11.2 Propagation......Page 170 11.4 Fresnel zones, reflections and multi-path fading......Page 172 11.5 Performance criteria for analogue and digital links......Page 175 11.8 Example of microwave link plan......Page 176 12.1 Encryption principles......Page 178 12.2 Speech encryption......Page 179 12.3 Data encryption......Page 180 12.5 Classification of security......Page 183 13.1 Frequency division multiplex......Page 184 13.2 Time division multiplex (TDM)......Page 185 13.3 Code division multiple access (CDMA)......Page 188 14.2 Pulse code modulation......Page 190 14.4 The G728 low delay CELP codec......Page 192 14.5 The GSM codec......Page 193 15.1 Operating procedures......Page 194 15.3 Common base station (CBS) operation......Page 197 15.4 Wide area coverage......Page 198 16.1 Sub-audio signalling......Page 205 16.2 In-band tone and digital signalling......Page 206 16.3 Digital signalling......Page 208 16.4 Standard PSTN tones......Page 209 17.1 Channel occupancy and availability......Page 211 17.2 Trunking......Page 212 17.4 Trunking to MPT 1327 specification......Page 214 18.1 Paging......Page 216 18.2 Cordless telephones......Page 217 18.3 Trunked radio......Page 218 18.4 Analogue cellular radio-telephone networks......Page 219 18.5 Global system mobile......Page 220 18.6 Other digital mobile systems......Page 222 18.7 Private mobile radio (PMR)......Page 223 18.8 UK CB radio......Page 224 19.3 Choice of site......Page 225 19.4 Masts and towers......Page 226 19.5 Installation of electronic equipment......Page 227 19.6 Earthing and protection against lightning......Page 228 19.7 Erection of antennas......Page 230 19.8 Interference......Page 232 19.9 Antenna multi-coupling......Page 236 19.10 Emergency power supplies......Page 237 19.11 Approval and certification......Page 238 20.1 Accuracy, resolution and stability......Page 240 20.2 Audio instruments......Page 241 20.3 Radio frequency instruments......Page 242 21.1 Cell characteristics......Page 247 21.2 Non-rechargeable, primary batteries......Page 249 21.3 Rechargeable batteries......Page 253 22.1 Earth orbits......Page 257 22.3 Proposed satellite television formats......Page 259 22.4 Global positioning system (GPS)......Page 263 23.1 Audio and video connectors......Page 267 23.2 Co-axial connector......Page 269 23.3 Interfaces......Page 279 24.1 Standard frequency and time transmissions......Page 292 24.2 Standard frequency formats......Page 294 24.4 BBC VHF test tone transmissions......Page 295 24.5 Engineering information about broadcast services......Page 298 24.6 Characteristics of UHF terrestrial television systems......Page 299 24.7 Terrestrial television channels......Page 302 24.8 Terrestrial television aerial dimensions......Page 305 24.9 AM broadcast station classes (USA)......Page 306 24.10 FM broadcast frequencies and channel numbers ( USA)......Page 307 24.11 US television channel assignments......Page 310 24.12 License-free bands......Page 312 24.13 Calculating radio antenna great circle bearings......Page 313 25.1 Abbreviations......Page 318 25.2 Letter symbols by unit name......Page 324 25.3 Electric quantities......Page 332 26.2 Electrical relationships......Page 334 26.4 Fundamental units......Page 335 26.6 Standard units......Page 336 26.8 Useful formulae......Page 338 26.9 Colour codes......Page 345 Index......Page 348 This handy volume contains a mass of essential information and data needed every day by a wide range of radio engineers: RF electronics designers, telecommunications engineers, radio amateurs, radio/TV technicians and students. It is ideal for reference and revision. Newnes Radio and RF Engineering Pocket Book covers all aspects of radio and communications engineering from very low frequencies to microwaves, with particular emphasis on mobile communications. Wave principles and the decibel scale, instrumentation and power supplies, equipment types and encryption methods, connectors and interfaces, are all included in this book. New material in the third edition includes mobile base station antennas, operation of cellular networks, SAW filters and ceramic resonators, modulation for stereo FM broadcasts, ADPCM and vocoders. There is a fixed relationship between the frequency and the wave-length, which is the distance between identical points on two adjacent waves (Figure 1.1), of any type of wave: sound (pressure), electro-magnetic (radio) and light.