NEW RELATIVITY IN THE GRAVITATIONAL UNIVERSE : the theory of cosmic relativity and its... experimental evidence

"Our vast Universe is filled with an enormous amount of matter and energy, which are the source of large gravitational potentials affecting all physical phenomena. Because this fact about the size and contents of the Universe was not known when our fundamental theories of dynamics and relativity were completed by the 1920s, the current theories - based as they are in empty space - fail to incorporate cosmic gravity. Though the current theories are consistent with the majority of empirical facts, there are some crucial discrepancies, which demand a drastic shift to a cosmic gravitational paradigm for the theories of relativity and dynamics. The book is a detailed and widely accessible account of this paradigm, called Cosmic Relativity, supported by ample empirical evidence. It is established that all motional relativistic effects are cosmic gravitational effects. The new theory of Cosmic Relativity solves and answers all outstanding questions and puzzles about dynamics and relativity"--Back cover Preface Acknowledgements Contents Acronyms Part I First Principles and Their Empirical Core 1 The Paradigm of Cosmic Relativity and Its Evidence 1.1 The First Principles 1.2 What is the Theory of Cosmic Relativity? 1.3 Why is Cosmic Relativity Necessary? 1.4 The Gravity of Our Universe 1.5 The Cosmic Gravitational Metric and the Potentials 1.6 A Phenomenological Assertion 1.7 Summary of the Primary Results of Cosmic Relativity 1.8 The Universal Clock of Cosmic Relativity 1.9 Cosmic Relativity and Its Experimental Tests 1.10 Cosmic Relativity and General Relativity 1.11 Summary References 2 Space and Time of Our Fundamental Theories 2.1 Newton's Space and Time 2.2 Ernst Mach's Critique and Insight 2.3 Space and Time in 19th Century Physics 2.4 Space and Time in Einstein's Relativity 2.5 Speculative Space and Time 2.6 Space and Time in the Factual Universe 2.7 Philosopher's Space and Time 2.8 Space, Time, and the Principle of Relativity 2.9 Summary References 3 Electrodynamics, Light and Relativity 3.1 Experiments to Determine the Speed of Light 3.1.1 Roemer's Method 3.1.2 Michelson's Measurements 3.2 The Ether: The Medium for the Propagation of the EM Waves 3.3 Stellar Aberration 3.4 The Speed of Light in Moving Media—Fresnel Drag 3.5 The Doppler Effect 3.6 Experiments Designed to Detect the Stationary Ether 3.7 The Trouton-Noble Experiment 3.8 The Birth of a New Theory of Relativity 3.9 Experiments on the Unipolar Induction 3.10 The Principle of Relativity and the Theories of Relativity 3.11 Summary References 4 The Special Theory of Relativity and its Empirical Foundations 4.1 Einstein's Motivations for a Theory of Relativity 4.2 The Lorentz Transformations 4.3 The Physical Results of the Special Theory of Relativity 4.3.1 The Doppler Effect in the STR 4.3.2 The Unipolar Phenomena and the STR 4.3.3 Einstein's STR and Thermodynamics 4.3.4 The Empirical Status of the Light Hypothesis 4.4 The General Nature of Experimenters' Interpretations 4.5 The Special Theory of Relativity and Accelerated Frames 4.6 Summary References 5 Simultaneity and the Synchronisation of Time 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Galilean Simultaneity 5.3 Einstein's Discussion of Simultaneity in the STR 5.4 Einstein's Fallacy on the Relativity of Simultaneity 5.5 H. Bergson's Critique of Einstein's Relativity of Simultaneity 5.6 The Synchronisation of Time 5.7 Summary References 6 The Equivalence Principles 6.1 The Universality of Free Fall 6.2 The Equivalence of Inertia and Mass—The Weak Equivalence Principle 6.3 Galileo's Thought Experiment `Proof' of the UFF 6.4 Einstein's Equivalence Principle 6.5 What are Inertial Frames? 6.6 A Stronger Equivalence Principle 6.7 A Brief Account of Experimental Tests 6.7.1 Space Tests of the UFF and the WEP 6.7.2 Laser Ranging to the Moon and the WEP 6.7.3 Tests of the SEP 6.7.4 The Active and the Passive Gravitational Masses 6.8 The First Applications of the EEP: Prelude to the GTR 6.9 On the Gravitational Origin of the UFF, WEP, and EEP 6.10 Diving Deeper: Equivalent or Identical? 6.11 The Equivalence Principle and the Quantum Theory 6.12 Summary References 7 Einstein's General Theory of Relativity 7.1 The Genesis and Its Salient Points 7.2 General Theory of Relativity (GTR) as a Theory of Gravity 7.3 The GTR from an Action Principle 7.4 The GTR as the Geometric Theory of Gravity 7.5 Einstein's `Hole Argument' 7.5.1 Revisiting the Hole Argument 7.6 The GTR and Its Galilean Metrics 7.7 Gravitation and Electrodynamics: A Comparison 7.8 The Achievements of the GTR 7.9 The GTR and Gravitomagnetism 7.10 The GTR and Gravitational Waves 7.11 The Experimental and Observational Tests of the GTR 7.12 The GTR and Mach's Principle 7.13 The GTR and Cosmology 7.14 The Unsolved Riddle of Inertia: The Incompleteness of the GTR 7.15 What Lies Beyond the GTR? 7.16 Summary References 8 Our Universe 8.1 Our Physical Universe Before 1930 8.2 The Universe as Observed 8.2.1 The Large Scale Distribution of Matter 8.2.2 The Expansion of the Universe 8.2.3 The Velocity-Distance Relation From Observations 8.3 Einstein's Cosmological Constant 8.3.1 The Cosmological Principle and the Expansion 8.3.2 The Concept of a `Critical Density' 8.3.3 The Measurements of the Deceleration Parameter 8.4 The Reason Behind the Expansion of the Universe 8.5 The Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation 8.6 The Large Scale Distribution of Matter 8.6.1 The Dark Matter 8.6.2 The Curvature of the Universe 8.6.3 The Dark Energy 8.6.4 The Dark Energy and the Quantum Vacuum 8.6.5 An Interpretation of the Critical Density 8.7 The Interpretation of the Expansion of the Universe 8.8 The `Absolute' Features of Our Universe 8.9 Summary References 9 Time Dilation and the Twin-Paradox 9.1 Cautionary Introduction 9.2 Time Dilation in Lorentz-Poincaré Relativity 9.3 Time Dilation in Einstein's STR 9.4 Langevin's Twin-Paradox 9.5 The Real Twin-Paradox in the STR 9.6 The Predictions for Motional Time Dilation 9.7 Experiments on Motional Time Dilation 9.7.1 Time Dilation of Unstable Particles 9.7.2 Experiments on Atomic Systems 9.7.3 Experiments on the Comparison of Atomic Clocks 9.8 The Hafele-Keating Experiment 9.9 Popular `Resolutions' of the Twin-Paradox 9.9.1 Langevin's Solution in the Acceleration 9.9.2 Resolution Sans Acceleration 9.10 Einstein's Gravitational Resolution of the Paradox 9.11 Summary References Part II The New Physical World of Cosmic Relativity 10 Cosmic Relativity—The Theory and Its Primary Fundamental Results 10.1 The Universe that Determines the Physics of Relativity 10.2 A Hypothetical Scenario in Electrodynamics 10.3 A Theory of Relativity and Dynamics Without Postulates 10.4 Physics in the Gravitationally Charged Universe 10.5 The Gravitational Foundation of Cosmic Relativity 10.6 The Primary Results in Cosmic Relativity 10.6.1 The Modification of Duration and Distance 10.6.2 Interpretation in Terms of the Gravitational Potentials 10.6.3 The Time Dilation of Physical Clocks 10.6.4 Cosmic Relativity and the Principle of Relativity 10.6.5 The Propagation of Light 10.7 Cosmic Relativity and Dynamics 10.7.1 Laws of Dynamics: Newton's Law of Motion 10.8 Cosmic Relativity and the Origin of Inertia 10.8.1 Cosmic Relativity and the Inertial Forces 10.8.2 The Centrifugal Force 10.8.3 The Coriolis Force 10.9 The Twist in Tropical Cyclones 10.10 Cosmic Relativity and the Principles of Equivalence 10.10.1 Newton's Law and the WEP 10.10.2 `Weightlessness' in Free Fall and the EEP 10.10.3 Two Kinds of Gravitational Forces and the Geodesic Principle 10.10.4 The Equivalence Principle and Universality of Free Fall 10.11 The EEP and the Time Dilation of Clocks in an Accelerated Frame 10.12 Clocks and Time Dilation in Cosmic Relativity 10.12.1 Time Dilation in the STR 10.12.2 Motional Time Dilation in Cosmic Relativity 10.12.3 Synchronisation of Clocks in Cosmic Relativity 10.12.4 The Addition of Velocities in Cosmic Relativity 10.13 Cosmic Relativity and the Electrodynamics of Moving Media 10.13.1 The Doppler Shift 10.13.2 The Optical Aberration and the Fresnel Drag 10.14 The Unipolar Induction 10.15 Cosmic Relativity and the Spin Angular Momentum 10.16 Summary References 11 The Crucial Experimental Tests of Cosmic Relativity 11.1 The Nature of Propagation of Light 11.1.1 Past Experiments on the One-Way Propagation of Light 11.2 True Relative Velocity of Light—The Prediction 11.3 The True Relative Velocity of Light—A Prelude to a Test 11.3.1 The Propagation of Light in a Moving Frame 11.3.2 A Simple Demonstration of the Conflict Between the PoR and the Light Hypothesis 11.4 The Experiment on the One-Way Relative Velocity of Light 11.5 Motional Time Dilation: The Predictions 11.6 Cosmic Relativity and Clock Synchronisation 11.7 Experimental Tests of Time Dilation: Atomic Clocks 11.8 Experimental Tests of Time Dilation: GNSS and GPS 11.8.1 Time Dilations in the GNSS Satellites 11.8.2 The GNSS Mystery Created by the Galilean Propagation of Light 11.9 The Absence of a Relative Time Dilation in Accelerated Frames 11.10 The One-Way Relative Velocity of Light in Rotating Frames 11.10.1 An Early History of the Relevant Ideas 11.10.2 The Experiments by G. Sagnac 11.10.3 The Michelson-Gale Experiment 11.10.4 The Proof of the Galilean Nature of a Rotating Frame 11.11 Lorentz's Relativity, Einstein's Relativity and Cosmic Relativity 11.12 Summary References 12 Cosmic Relativity and Quantum Dynamics 12.1 Cosmic Relativity and Quantum Dynamics 12.2 The True Nature of the Schrödinger Equation 12.3 The `Law of Motion' in the Microscopic Physical World 12.4 The Quantum Interference of Single Particles 12.5 The Continuity Equation and the Schrödinger Equation 12.6 L. de Broglie's Non-existent Matter-Waves 12.7 The Minuteness of the Quantum Zero-Point Energy 12.8 The Dirac Equation and Relativity 12.9 Cosmic Relativity and Quantum Mechanics 12.10 Summary References 13 Cosmic Gravity and the Quantum Spin 13.1 The Physical Meaning of Spin 13.2 Spin as the Fundamental Gravitomagnetic Moment 13.3 Cosmic Gravitational Effects on Spin 13.3.1 Emphasising the `Spin-Phase Puzzle' 13.3.2 The Thomas Precession in Atoms and the Spectral Fine Structure 13.3.3 Geometric Phases and Cosmic Gravity 13.4 Spin Transport in Chiral Molecules and Spintronics 13.5 Bosons, Fermions, and the Proof of the Spin-Statistics Connection 13.5.1 The Dawn of the Spin-Statistics Connection 13.5.2 Pauli's Proof and His Inconclusive Tryst with the SSC 13.5.3 Physical Proofs of the Spin-Statistics Connection? 13.6 The Proof of the Spin-Statistics Connection 13.7 Summary References 14 The Quantum Hall Effects: Gravity in Condensed Matter 14.1 The Hall Effect 14.2 The Quantum Hall Effect 14.3 The 2-D Dynamics of Electrons in a Magnetic Field 14.3.1 The Theory of the IQHE Plateaux 14.4 The Fractional Quantum Hall Effect 14.5 The Current Theories of the FQHE 14.6 The Need for a New Unified Theory 14.6.1 Summary of the Reasons for a New Theory 14.7 New Physics Input to the QHE—Cosmic Gravity 14.7.1 The Quantum Degeneracy of the Landau Levels 14.8 The Integrated Theory of the Quantum Hall Effects 14.8.1 FQHE Beyond the Filling Factor ν=1/3 14.8.2 The 5/2-FQHE State and the Half-Integer States 14.8.3 The Excitation Energy Gaps 14.9 Electron-Hole Symmetry and the FQHE 14.10 The Quantum Hall Effects in Graphene 14.11 Charge and Thermal Transport by Edge States 14.12 The Wavefunctions in the QHE 14.13 Summary References 15 Relativity and Quantum Entanglement 15.1 The Space-Time Context of the Problem 15.2 Quantum Mechanics of Entanglement 15.3 The EPR Argument of the Incompleteness of Quantum Mechanics 15.4 Measurements of the Quantised Observables of the Microworld 15.4.1 The Correlations in the LHVT 15.5 The Proof of Strict Locality in Quantum Correlations 15.6 Summary References 16 Paradigms Lost and Found 16.1 The Evolution of the Theories of Dynamics and Relativity 16.2 Completing the Theory of Gravity: Centenary Einstein's Equation 16.3 Physical Absolute Space and Absolute Time 16.4 Is the Cosmic Gravitational Paradigm the Ultimate Foundation? 16.5 Concluding Notes References Index