New Insights on Antiviral Probiotics : From Research to Applications

This book focuses on probiotics with antiviral activities. The "antiviral probiotic" is a new concept in medical sciences. Recently, studies have shown that antiviral probiotics can fight or prevent viral infections in many ways. The immunomodulation of mucosal immunity, production of antiviral compounds, virus trapping and the use thereof as vaccination vectors are the principal modes of action of antiviral probiotics. The author dedicates an entire chapter of the book to discussing the methods and techniques used to assess the antiviral activity of probiotic strains and their metabolites. Foreword 6 Preface 8 Contents 9 Chapter 1: Antiviral Probiotics: A New Concept in Medical Sciences 11 1.1 Overview 13 1.2 Part I-A: Probiotics and Respiratory Infections 14 1.2.1 Introduction 14 1.2.1.1 Lactobacillus Probiotic Strains in Viral Respiratory Infections 16 1.2.1.2 Bifidobacteria Probiotic Strains in Viral Respiratory Infections 22 1.2.2 Conclusion and Perspectives 23 1.3 Part I-B Probiotics and Viral Gastroenteritis 24 1.3.1 Introduction 24 1.3.1.1 The Importance of Microbiota 25 1.3.1.2 Histo-Blood Group Antigens (HBGAs) and Gram-Negative Bacteria in Gut Microbiota 25 1.3.1.3 Viral Gastroenteritis and the Role of Gram-Negative Bacteria of the Gut Microbiota 25 Does “Gut Microbiota” Enhance or Inhibit Viral Gastroenteritis? 26 Direct and Indirect Mechanisms of Intestinal Microbiota, Which Enhance EnV Infection 27 What Is the Direct Mechanism of the Gut Microbiota in Viral Infectivity? 27 Indirect Mechanisms 28 1.3.1.4 Role of Probiotics in Gut Microbiota 30 Anti-enteric Viruses Probiotics 30 Indirect Mechanism of Anti-EnV Probiotics 37 Direct Mechanism of Anti-EnV Probiotics 37 1.3.1.5 Probiotic Strains Against Rotavirus (RoV) Infections 37 Clinical Trials (CTs) 39 Animal Models (AMs) 40 1.3.1.6 Probiotic Strains Against Norovirus Infections 42 1.3.1.7 Probiotics and Other Enteric Viruses 44 1.3.2 Conclusion and Perspectives 45 References 45 Chapter 2: The Use of Probiotics as Vaccine Vectors to Prevent Viral Infections 57 2.1 Overview 58 2.1.1 Mucosal Immunity and Vaccines 59 2.1.2 Probiotic Bacteria as Vaccine Delivery Vehicles: A Promising Strategy for Mucosal Vaccination 59 2.1.3 Parameters that Modulate the Immune Responses Induced by Recombinant Probiotic Vaccines 60 2.1.4 Probiotics as Vaccine Vectors to Prevent Viral Infections 61 2.1.4.1 HIV 61 2.1.4.2 Influenza Viruses 62 2.1.4.3 Rotaviruses 63 2.1.4.4 Human Papillomavirus 65 2.2 Conclusion 66 References 67 Chapter 3: Probiotics: Role in the Prevention of Chronic Viral Diseases 71 3.1 General Introduction 73 3.2 Cancer Related to Viral Infections 74 3.3 The Impact of Probiotics in Cancers Related to Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection 77 3.4 The Impact of Probiotics in Cancers Related to Human T-Cell Lymphotropic/Leukemia Virus (HTLV) Infection 79 3.5 Probiotics as a Novel Prevention Strategy Against Type 1 Diabetes Related to Viral Infection 81 3.6 Probiotics as a Treatment and Prevention Strategy for Liver Complications Caused by Hepatitis B and C Virus 82 3.7 Treatment and Prevention Strategy of Herpes Simplex Viruses 1 and 2 Using Probiotic Strains 84 3.8 Probiotics and Human Immune Deficiency Virus (HIV) 86 3.9 Conclusion and Perspectives 87 References 88 Chapter 4: The Antiviral Activity of Probiotic Metabolites 92 4.1 Antiviral Activity of Probiotic Metabolites 93 4.1.1 Non-organic Substances 93 4.1.2 Organic Substances 94 4.2 Probiotics and Their Proteinaceous Metabolites 100 4.3 Unspecified Antiviral Metabolites by Assessment of Probiotic/LAB Native Supernatants 101 4.4 Conclusion 102 References 103 Chapter 5: Methods and Techniques to Evaluate the Antiviral Activity of a New Probiotic Strain 107 5.1 Introduction 108 5.2 Evaluation of a Potential Probiotic Strain 109 5.2.1 Isolation and Characterization of Probiotic Strains 109 5.2.2 Identification 110 5.2.3 Screening Tests to Confirm Potential Probiotic Characteristics 111 5.2.4 Safety of Selected Probiotics 111 5.2.5 Antibiotic Resistance Profile 111 5.2.6 In Vivo Studies in Animal Models and Human Trials 112 5.3 Evaluation of Antiviral Probiotics (AvPrs) 112 5.3.1 In Vitro Evaluation 113 5.3.1.1 Choose the Target Virus and Cell Culture Lines 113 5.3.1.2 Determination of Antiviral Activity Mechanisms 113 5.3.1.3 Determination of Bacterial Cells and CFS Cytotoxicity 114 5.3.2 Antiviral Assays for Bacterial Cells 114 5.3.2.1 Co-incubation (Co-treatment) 114 5.3.2.2 Pretreatment of Eukaryotic Cells with Probiotic Strains 115 5.3.2.3 Posttreatment 115 5.3.2.4 Inactivated/Killed Strains Vs. Viable Strains 115 5.3.3 In Vivo Evaluation 116 5.3.3.1 Mouse Model 117 5.3.3.2 Other Animal Types 117 5.3.3.3 Animal Model Outcomes 117 5.3.4 Clinical Trials (CTs) 118 5.3.4.1 CT Types 118 5.3.4.2 Population 119 5.4 Conclusion 119 References 119 Index 124 Front Matter....Pages i-xii Antiviral Probiotics: A New Concept in Medical Sciences....Pages 1-46 The Use of Probiotics as Vaccine Vectors to Prevent Viral Infections....Pages 47-60 Probiotics: Role in the Prevention of Chronic Viral Diseases....Pages 61-81 The Antiviral Activity of Probiotic Metabolites....Pages 83-97 Methods and Techniques to Evaluate the Antiviral Activity of a New Probiotic Strain....Pages 99-115 Back Matter....Pages 117-119