New Horizons in Wheat and Barley Research : Crop Protection and Resource Management

This book discusses the research progress on pathology, entomology, nematology, and resource management of wheat and barley crops. The volume summarizes the research progress and discusses the future perspectives based on current understanding of the existing issues and advancing cutting-edge technologies in the field. The book aims to help in deciding future research and development agenda by devising better strategies and techniques to cultivate these crops under clean and sustainable environment. Through this book an international group of leading wheat and barley researchers unveil the emerging concepts and issues related to biotic stresses and resource management and offers latest glimpses of technological needs and resource optimization in wheat and barley production system. Also, key topics such as frontier mechanization technologies, improved precision farming techniques, pluralistic extension and policy interventions for enhancing the resource efficiency and livelihood security of the farmers are explored here. This book is of interest to teachers, researchers, molecular breeders, cereal biochemists and biotechnologists, policymakers and professionals working in the area of wheat and barley research, food and cereal industry. Also, the book serves as an additional reading material for undergraduate and graduate students of agriculture and food sciences. National and international agricultural scientists, policy makers will also find this book to be a useful read. Volume 1 of New Horizons in Wheat and Barley Research covers global trends, breeding and quality enhancement. Preface Contents Editors and Contributors Part I: Paradigm Shifts in Disease Management 1: Wheat Rust Research-Shifting Paradigms Globally 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Detection and Diagnosis 1.3 Variability in Puccinia Species on Wheat 1.4 Shifting Virulence Patterns in Population of Puccinia Spp. on Wheat 1.5 Alternate Hosts for Wheat Rust Fungi 1.6 Epidemiology of Wheat Rusts 1.7 Ug99 and BGRI 1.8 Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Polymorphism and Rust Genome Sequencing 1.9 Wheat Rust Interaction 1.10 Rust Resistance in Wheat 1.11 Evaluation of Germplasm for Rust Resistance 1.12 Gene Mining and Gene Discovery for Rust Resistance in Wheat 1.13 Anticipatory Wheat Breeding and Pyramiding of Resistance 1.14 Rust Management Strategies 1.15 Conclusion References 2: Forecasting of Wheat Diseases: Insights, Methods and Challenges 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Rusts 2.2.1 Stripe Rust of Wheat 2.2.2 Leaf Rust 2.2.3 Stem Rust of Wheat 2.3 Karnal Bunt 2.4 Fusarium Head Blight 2.5 Speptoria Blight 2.6 Powdery Mildew (PM) 2.7 Wheat Blast 2.8 Conclusions References 3: Leaf Blight Disease of Wheat and Barley: Past, Present and Future 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Leaf Blight Pathogen ``Bipolaris Sorokiniana ́ ́: Taxonomy and Nomenclature 3.3 Molecular Markers for Pathogen Diagnostics and Genomic Resources Available 3.4 Host Range and Pathogenic Variability 3.5 Disease Cycle and Epidemiology of the Disease 3.6 Resistance and Susceptibility Genes for Leaf Blight Disease 3.6.1 Virulence Pattern and Genes Associated with the Pathogen 3.6.2 Necrotrophic Effector-Triggered Susceptibility in Wheat and Barley 3.7 Screening of Genotypes for the Disease Resistance 3.7.1 Methods 3.7.2 Symptom Types 3.8 Breeding Efforts for Foliar Blight Resistance in Wheat and Barley 3.8.1 Wheat 3.8.2 Barley 3.9 Management of the Leaf Blight Disease 3.9.1 Chemical and Biological Controls of Leaf Blight Disease 3.9.2 Integrated Disease Management 3.10 Challenges in Breeding for Resistance to Spot Blotch 3.11 Future Prospective References 4: Smut and Bunt Diseases of Wheat: Biology, Identification, and Management 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Smut and Bunt 4.3 Wheat Bunt 4.3.1 Karnal Bunt/Partial Bunt 4.3.2 Hill Bunt 4.3.3 Dwarf Bunt 4.4 Wheat Smut 4.4.1 Loose Smut of Wheat 4.4.2 Flag Smut of Wheat 4.5 Molecular Diagnostic and Genetic Variability 4.6 Management Practices and Control Strategies to Overcome the Challenges of Smut and Bunt Diseases in Wheat 4.6.1 Host Resistance 4.6.2 Physical Method 4.6.3 Chemical Method 4.6.4 Biological Methods 4.6.5 Cultural Methods 4.6.6 Integrated Approach 4.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives References 5: Powdery Mildew of Wheat: Research Progress, Opportunities, and Challenges 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Global Distribution and Host Range of Powdery Mildew Fungus 5.2.1 Yield Losses and Adverse Effects 5.2.2 Symptoms, Disease Cycle, and Epidemiology 5.2.3 Pathogenic Variation and Evolutionary Analysis in Blumeria Graminis 5.2.4 Conventional and Modern Methods for Pathogen Identification 5.3 Identification of Resistance to Wheat Powdery Mildew 5.3.1 Types of Resistance 5.3.2 Race-Specific Resistance 5.3.3 Quantitative (Broad-Spectrum) Resistance 5.3.4 Recessive Resistance 5.4 Breeding and Deployment of Wheat Powdery Mildew Resistance 5.4.1 Management Strategies: Deployment of Wheat Powdery Mildew Resistance 5.4.2 Mapping of Powdery Mildew Resistance Genes 5.5 Challenges 5.5.1 Linkage Drag Associated with Introgression of Exotic Resistance Alleles Using Conventional Breeding 5.5.2 Fungicide Resistance 5.5.3 Fast Jump: Expansion of the Host Range Due to Pathogen Diversity 5.6 Prospects for Broadening the Genetic Basis of Host Resistance 5.6.1 Utilizing Exotic Sources for Resistance 5.6.2 Marker-Assisted Selection and Precision Phenotyping 5.6.3 Advances in High-Throughput Genotyping Technologies and Genomics 5.6.4 Potential of New Breeding Technologies and Transgenic Approaches 5.6.5 Genetic Engineering 5.6.6 Transgenic-Based Resistance 5.7 Need for Speed: An Intimidating Priority 5.8 Integrated Disease Management 5.9 Concluding Remarks References 6: Antimicrobial Agents for Wheat Disease Management: Mode of Action and Its Application 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Antimicrobial Compounds and Their Diversity 6.2.1 Agrochemicals 6.2.1.1 Fungicides 6.2.1.2 Bacteriocides 6.2.2 Botanicals/Plant Extracts 6.2.3 Microbial Formulations 6.2.4 Nanoformulations/Nanoparticles (NPs) 6.3 Mode of Action of Antimicrobial Agents 6.3.1 Agrochemicals 6.3.1.1 Fungicides 6.3.1.2 Bactericides 6.3.2 Biocontrol Agents 6.3.3 Botanicals 6.3.4 Nanoantimicrobials 6.3.5 Plant Defence Activators 6.3.6 dsRNA Spray Technology 6.4 Non-Target Effects of Antimicrobial Compounds 6.4.1 Fungicides 6.4.2 Microbial Formulations 6.4.3 Nanoformulations 6.5 Field Applications of Antimicrobial Compounds 6.5.1 Fungicides and Bactericides 6.5.2 Bioformulations 6.5.3 Essential Oils and Plant Extracts 6.5.4 Nanoparticles 6.6 Integrated Management of Diseases of Wheat Using Antimicrobials 6.7 Research Gap and Future Outlook 6.8 Conclusion References 7: Integrated Management of Barley Diseases: Current Status and Future Research Priorities 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Barley Uses 7.3 Crop Scenario 7.4 Important Barley Diseases in India 7.4.1 Foliar Diseases 7.4.1.1 Yellow Rust 7.4.1.2 Symptoms 7.4.1.3 Disease Cycle 7.4.1.4 Leaf Rust Symptoms Disease Cycle 7.4.1.5 Stem Rust Symptoms Disease Cycle Epidemiology of Rusts in India Stripe Rust Leaf Rust Stem Rust Integrated Management Rusts Resistant Varieties Balanced Crop Nutrition Crop Health Monitoring Fungicides 7.4.1.6 Stripe Disease Symptoms Disease Cycle Management 7.4.1.7 Powdery Mildew Symptoms Disease Cycle Management Cultural Practices Fungicide 7.4.1.8 Net Blotch Symptoms 7.4.1.9 Spot Blotch Symptoms Disease Cycle Management Deep Summer Ploughing and Crop Residue Management Crop Rotation Varietal Choice Seed Treatment Sowing Time Biocontrol Fungicide 7.4.1.10 Barley Yellow Dwarf 7.4.1.11 Symptoms 7.4.2 Smut Diseases 7.4.2.1 Loose Smut Symptoms Disease Cycle 7.4.2.2 Covered Smut Symptoms Disease Cycle Management Seed Certification Use Resistant Variety Heat Therapy Seed Treatment Bioagents Cultural Practices 7.4.3 Cereal Cyst Nematode (``Molya ́ ́ Disease) 7.4.3.1 Pathotypes 7.4.3.2 Symptoms 7.4.3.3 Disease Cycle 7.4.3.4 Management Resistant Varieties Crop Rotation and Fallowing Organic Amendment Deep Summer Ploughing Bioagents 7.5 Future Research Priorities 7.6 Conclusion References 8: Viral Diseases of Wheat: Research Progress and Future Perspectives 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Major Wheat Viruses and Research Progress 8.2.1 Wheat Yellow Mosaic 8.2.2 Wheat Dwarf Disease 8.2.3 Wheat Streak Mosaic 8.2.4 Yellow Dwarf Disease 8.3 Conclusion and Future Outlook References Part II: Innovations in Entomology and Nematology Research 9: Biology and Management Strategies of Major Insect-Pests of Wheat 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Major Insect-Pests of Wheat 9.2.1 Termites Odontotermes Obesus (Ramb), Microtermes Obesi (Holm) 9.2.1.1 Biology 9.2.1.2 Management Strategies 9.2.2 Aphids 9.2.2.1 Biology 9.2.2.2 Management Strategies 9.2.3 Pink Stem Borer Sesamia Inferens Walker 9.2.3.1 Biology 9.2.3.2 Management Strategies 9.2.4 Armyworm Mythimna Separata (Walker) 9.2.4.1 Biology 9.2.4.2 Management Strategies 9.2.5 Brown Wheat Mite Petrobia Latens (Muller) 9.2.5.1 Biology 9.2.5.2 Management Strategies 9.2.6 Wheat Stem Sawfly Cephus Cinctus (Norton) 9.2.6.1 Biology 9.2.6.2 Management Strategies 9.2.7 Cereal Leaf Beetle Oulema Melanopus (L.) 9.2.7.1 Biology 9.2.7.2 Management Strategies 9.2.8 Pod Borer Helicoverpa Armigera (Hubner) 9.2.8.1 Biology 9.2.8.2 Management Strategies 9.2.9 Gujhia Weevil Tanymecus Indicus Faust 9.2.9.1 Biology 9.2.9.2 Management Strategies 9.2.10 Wheat Midge Sitodiplosis Mosellana (Géhin) 9.2.10.1 Biology 9.2.10.2 Management Strategies 9.2.11 Hessian Fly Mayetiola Destructor (Say) 9.2.11.1 Biology 9.2.11.2 Management Strategies 9.3 Conclusion and Future Prospects References 10: Technological Innovations for the Management of Insect-Pests in Stored Grains 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Innovative Technological Interventions for the Management of Insect-Pests of Stored 10.2.1 Hermetic Technology 10.2.2 Monitoring Technology 10.2.2.1 Grain Probe Traps 10.2.2.2 Sticky Traps 10.2.2.3 Pheromones 10.2.2.4 Light Traps and Visual Lures 10.2.2.5 Berlese Funnel and Acoustical Methods 10.2.2.6 Electrical Conductance 10.2.2.7 Machine Vision 10.2.2.8 Detection of Parasitized Stored Products 10.2.2.9 Detection of Early Grain Spoilage 10.2.2.10 Sensing Technology Environmental Sensing Acoustic Sensing Odor Sensing Image Sensing 10.3 Regulatory Technology 10.3.1 Ionizing Irradiation 10.3.2 Biological Control 10.3.3 Ozonation 10.3.4 Least Chemical Utilization 10.3.5 Less Harmful Insecticides 10.3.6 Use of Nano-technology 10.3.7 Predictive Models 10.4 Conclusion References 11: Modern Approaches for the Management of Cereal Cyst Nematodes in Wheat and Barley 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Nematode Problems of Wheat and Barley in India and the World 11.3 Traditional Approaches for the Management of Wheat and Barley Nematodes 11.3.1 Cultural Control 11.3.1.1 Summer Ploughing 11.3.1.2 Sanitation 11.3.1.3 Irrigation 11.3.1.4 Crop Rotation 11.3.1.5 Intercropping 11.3.1.6 Manure 11.3.1.7 Avoidance 11.3.2 Use of Resistant Varieties 11.3.3 Utilization of Biocontrol Agents 11.3.4 Application of Chemical Nematicides 11.4 Modern Approaches for Nematode Management in Wheat and Barley 11.4.1 RNA Interference 11.4.2 Proteinase Inhibitors 11.4.3 Chemosensory Disruptive Peptides 11.4.4 Future Technologies 11.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects References 12: Nanotechnology for Wheat and Barley Health Management: Current Scenario and Future Prospectus 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Biotic Stress Problems in Wheat and Barley 12.3 Abiotic Stress Problems in Wheat and Barley 12.4 Nanoparticle Synthesis and their Influence on Plant Growth and Development 12.5 Application of Nanotechnology in Crop Health Management 12.5.1 Biotic Stress Management 12.5.1.1 Pathogens 12.5.1.2 Insect Pests 12.5.2 Abiotic Stress Management 12.5.2.1 Drought Stress 12.5.2.2 Salinity Stress 12.5.2.3 Heat Stress 12.5.2.4 Heavy Metal Stress 12.6 Nanotechnology in Stress Diagnosis 12.7 Research Gap and Future Challenges 12.8 Conclusion References Part III: Expanding Horizons in Resource Management 13: Integrated Management Practices for Incremental Wheat Productivity 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Wheat Production Scenario at Present 13.2.1 Global Scenario in Wheat Production 13.2.2 Indian Scenario in Wheat Production 13.3 Assessment of Production Constraints 13.3.1 Genetic Constraints 13.3.2 Crop Management Constraints 13.3.2.1 Fertilizer Use and Nutrient Imbalance 13.3.2.2 Built-Up of Disease and Pests 13.3.2.3 Weed Flora Shift and Resistance 13.3.3 Natural Resource Degradation 13.3.4 Changing Climatic Conditions 13.4 Ways and Means to Improve the Productivity of Wheat 13.4.1 Genetic Improvement 13.4.2 Better Crop Management Practices 13.4.2.1 Crop Establishment and Tillage 13.4.2.2 Nutrient Management 13.4.2.3 Water Management 13.4.2.4 Weed Management 13.4.2.5 Other Managements 13.5 Integrated Crop Management for Wheat 13.6 Conclusion References 14: Improved Agronomic Practices for Enhancing the Resource Use Efficiency and Productivity of Wheat and Barley 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Suitable Cultivar Selection 14.3 Sowing Time and Method 14.4 Conservation Tillage Technologies 14.4.1 Laser Land Leveling (LLL) 14.4.2 Zero Tillage (ZT) Technology 14.4.3 Reduced/Minimum Tillage Technology 14.4.4 Rotary Tillage/Super Seeder Technology 14.4.5 Strip Tillage Technology/Strip-Till Drill 14.4.6 Raised Bed Planting Technology/FIRBS Technology 14.4.7 Surface Seeding 14.5 Crop Residue Management 14.6 Conservation Agriculture and Resource Use Efficiency 14.6.1 Turbo Happy Seeder (THS)-CA Machinery 14.6.2 Rotary Disc Drill (RDD)-CA Machinery 14.7 Crop Diversification/Intensification 14.7.1 Intercropping 14.7.2 Relay Cropping 14.8 Dual Purpose Wheat and Barley 14.9 Irrigation 14.10 Nutrient Management 14.10.1 Leaf Colour Chart for N Management 14.10.2 SPAD Values 14.10.3 GreenSeeker Technology 14.11 Weed Management 14.12 Harvesting and Threshing 14.13 Conclusion References 15: Efficient Irrigation Water Management in Rice-Wheat Cropping System 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Extent of Groundwater Usage for Irrigation and WP 15.3 Irrigation Water Management Approaches for Maximizing WP 15.4 Irrigation Scheduling 15.5 Evapotranspiration (ET) and Soil Water Balance Approach 15.6 Soil Moisture-Based Approach 15.7 Plant Water Status Approach 15.8 Simulation Model Output Approach 15.9 Agronomic Approaches for Efficient Irrigation Water Use 15.9.1 Precision Field Leveling 15.9.2 Seed Priming Technology 15.9.2.1 Crop Establishment Method 15.9.3 Mulching/Residue Retention 15.9.4 Deficit Irrigation Approach 15.9.5 Bed Planting 15.9.6 Micro Irrigation System 15.10 Real Time Feedback Based Irrigation Scheduling in Micro Irrigation Systems 15.11 Evidences from RW System on Irrigation Water Productivity in Western Indo-Gangetic Plains 15.12 Conclusion References 16: Fertilizer Consumption in Wheat Production Systems: Trends and Policies 16.1 Introduction 16.2 The Status of World Wheat Production 16.3 Wheat Production in India 16.4 Consumption Trends in the World 16.5 Fertilizer Consumption Trends in India 16.6 Fertilizer Use for Wheat Production in the World 16.7 Fertilizer Consumption for Wheat Cultivation in India 16.8 Fertilizer Policy Landscape: India 16.9 Policy-Based Attempts for Curbing Externalities of Fertilizers 16.10 Conclusion References 17: Technical Efficiency in Indian Wheat Production: Regional Trends and Way Forward 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Trend in Wheat Yield 17.3 Trend in Cost of Production Wheat in India 17.4 Efficiency in Wheat Production 17.4.1 Status of Efficiency in Wheat Production in South Asia 17.4.2 Technical Efficiency and Total Factor Productivity (TFP) in Indian Wheat Production 17.5 Determinants of Efficiency in Wheat Production 17.6 Strategies to Enhance Efficiency in Wheat Production 17.7 Conclusions and Way Forward References 18: Frontier Mechanization Technologies for Wheat Based Cropping Systems 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Frontier Mechanization Technologies for Wheat Based Cropping Systems 18.2.1 Emerging Technologies for Land Preparation and Seeding Operations 18.2.1.1 Rotary Tiller/Rotavator and Roto Seed Drill 18.2.1.2 Strip-Till Drill 18.2.1.3 Laser Land Leveler 18.2.1.4 Pneumatic Multi-Crop Planter 18.2.1.5 Rotary Disc Drill 18.2.1.6 Turbo Happy Seeder 18.2.1.7 Super Seeder 18.2.1.8 Combined Offset Disc Harrow 18.2.1.9 Plastic Mulch Laying Machine 18.2.2 Emerging Technologies for Fertilizer Placement 18.2.2.1 Variable Rate Technology 18.2.2.2 Deep Fertilizer/Nitrogen Applicator 18.2.3 Modern Technologies for Weed Control 18.2.3.1 Electrostatic Sprayers 18.2.3.2 Variable Rate Spraying Map-based Variable Rate Spraying Flow Based Control System Chemical Direct Injection Based Control System Modulated Spraying Nozzle Control System Sensors Based Variable Rate Spraying 18.2.3.3 Sensors-based Mechanical Weed Control 18.2.4 Emerging Technologies for Harvesting and Threshing Operations 18.2.4.1 Self-Propelled/Power Tiller Operated Vertical Conveyor Reaper 18.2.4.2 Pedal/Solar Operated Paddy Thresher 18.2.4.3 Multi-Crop Thresher 18.3 Conclusions References 19: Innovative Pathways to Increase Resource Conservation and Nutrient Use Efficiency in Rice-Wheat Cropping Systems for Food ... 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Rice-wheat cropping system (RWCS) in South Asia 19.2.1 Threats Concerning Recession in Productivity of RWCS in Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) of India 19.2.2 Potential of IGP to Hike the Production of RWCS Through Climate-Resilient Agriculture 19.2.2.1 Conservation Agriculture (CA)- Concept, Progress and Way Forward 19.2.2.2 Potentials of Direct-Seeded Aerobic Rice (DSAR) to Reduce Environmental Footprints 19.2.2.3 No-Tillage/Reduced Tillage Wheat for Enhancing Productivity and Profitability 19.2.2.4 Pathways and Strategies for Nutrient Management 19.2.3 Resource Conservation Technologies in RWCS 19.2.3.1 Crop Residue Management 19.2.3.2 Carbon Trading: A Strategy for Sustainable Production System 19.2.3.3 Diversification of RWCS with Grain Legumes and Other Crops 19.3 Emerging Environmental Issues and Challenges due to Intensive RWCS 19.3.1 Deterioration Soil Health in RWCS 19.3.2 Nutrient Exhaustion: Threat Towards Sustainability of RWCS 19.3.3 Global Warming Gas Emission and Mitigation Potential of RWSC 19.3.4 The Pattern of Carbon Footprints in RWCS 19.4 Innovative Pathways to Enhance NUE 19.4.1 Role of CA in Improving Nutrient Use Efficiency (NUE) in RWCS 19.4.2 Soil Test Crop Response (STCR) Based Fertilizer Recommendations 19.5 4Rs Nutrient Stewardship: Concept and Application 19.5.1 Right Source 19.5.2 Right Rate/Dose 19.5.3 Right Place 19.5.4 Right Time 19.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects References 20: Integrated Weed Management in Wheat and Barley: Global Perspective 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Yield Losses in Wheat and Barley 20.3 Nature of Weed Flora (Country/spp. Based) Associated with Wheat and Barley 20.4 Biology/Ecology/Botanical Characteristics of Herbicide Resistant Weeds 20.5 Herbicide Resistance Issues Associated with Wheat and Barley Weeds 20.6 Weed Management Perspective 20.6.1 Cultural Control 20.6.1.1 Preventive Measure 20.6.1.2 Stale Seedbed 20.6.1.3 Tillage 20.6.1.4 Crop Rotation 20.6.1.5 Cover Crops and Mulching 20.6.1.6 Competitive Crop Cultivars 20.6.1.7 Cultivars Blending 20.6.1.8 Crop Competition 20.6.1.9 Resource Management 20.6.2 Physical 20.6.2.1 Weed Seed Destruction 20.6.2.2 Thermal 20.6.2.3 Mechanical 20.6.3 Biological (PGPRs/Bio-Herbicides) Based Weed Management 20.6.4 Enhancing Weed Seed Predation 20.6.5 Allelopathy in Weed Management 20.6.6 Biotechnological Approaches 20.6.6.1 Herbicide Tolerant Cultivars 20.6.6.2 Quantification of Resistance and Gene Silencing 20.6.7 Chemical Weed Control 20.6.7.1 Selection of Herbicides 20.6.7.2 Spray Technology (Spray Time as per Crop/Weed Stage, Dose and Method of Application) 20.6.7.3 Precision Herbicide Application 20.6.8 Integrated Weed Management (IWM) Practices for Wheat and Barley 20.7 Conservation Agriculture and Weed Management 20.8 Climate Change and Response of Wheat and Barley Associated Weed 20.8.1 Growth and Distribution of Weeds 20.8.2 Herbicide Efficacy 20.9 Future Perspectives 20.10 Conclusions References 21: Agroforestry for Sustainable Cereal Based Cropping Systems in Indo-Gangetic Plain Region 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Problems and Challenges for Sustaining Agriculture in IGPR 21.2.1 Climate Change and Impact on Agriculture 21.2.2 Declining Underground Water Table and Water Pollution 21.2.3 Diverse Weed Flora 21.2.4 Crop Burning 21.2.5 Soil Physical and Chemical Degradation 21.2.6 Problematic Soils 21.2.7 Labour Shortage 21.2.8 Minimum Support Prices (MSP) and its Implementation 21.3 Potential of Agroforestry in Sustaining Agriculture 21.3.1 Scattered Trees on Farm Land 21.3.2 Trees on Farm Boundaries 21.3.3 Traditional Home Gardens 21.3.4 Traditional Silvopastoral Systems 21.4 Prominent Agroforestry System in IGPR 21.4.1 Poplar Based Agroforestry Systems 21.4.2 Eucalyptus Based Agroforestry Systems 21.4.3 Dalbergia sissoo and Melia compositaBased Agroforestry Systems 21.5 Agroforestry for Degraded Land Reclamation in Indo-Gangetic Plains 21.5.1 Saline and Water Logged Soil Reclamation 21.5.2 Sodic Soil Reclamation 21.5.3 Ravine Area Reclamation 21.6 Challenges in up Scaling of Agroforestry in Indo-Gangetic Plains 21.7 Role of Research Institutions in Streamlining Agroforestry Research in IGPR 21.8 Way Forward References