اشکال جدید کربن: نانوکربن‌ها

This new book provides a detailed overview of some of the fundamental aspects of nanocarbons and their allotropic forms, their preparation techniques, and their applications in several fields of interest. New forms of carbon have the potential to revolutionize many aspects of research, including drug delivery, catalysis, energy conversion and storage, high-strength physics, structural engineering, and more. This volume covers the recent literature on carbon with emphasis on the emerging carbon-based materials developed to date, studies of their properties, and possible prototypes fabricated for practical applications. It covers myriad carbon-based nanomaterials of distinctive features and their application in various fields. Cover Half Title New Forms of Carbon: Nanocarbon Copyright Dedication About the Editors Contents Contributors Abbreviations Preface Summary 1. Graphene: A New Form of Carbon for Future Sustainability Abstract 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Characterization of Graphene 1.3 Synthesis Procedures of Graphene 1.4 Applications of Graphene 1.4.1 Desalination of Water 1.4.2 Water Decontamination 1.4.3 Energy Applications 1.4.4 Corrosion-Resistant Coating 1.5 Summary and Future Perspectives Acknowledgments Keywords References 2. Carbon Derived from Biowastes for Supercapacitors: Synthesis to Applications Abstract 2.1 Subject Background 2.1.1 Fundamentals of Supercapacitors 2.1.2 Characteristics of Supercapacitor electrode Material 2.1.3 Experimental Methodology 2.1.3.1 Preparation Methods 2.1.3.2 Characterization Techniques 2.2 Advancements in Electrode Materials Derived from Biowaste 2.3 Summary Acknowledgments Keywords References 3. Effect of Doping on the Electronic and Physicochemical Properties of the Atomic Carbon Clusters: A Theoretical Perspective Abstract 3.1 Introduction 3.1.1 Atomic Clusters 3.1.1.1 Noble Gas Cluster 3.1.1.2 Simple metal Cluster 3.1.1.3 Transition Metal Cluster 3.1.1.4 Covalently Bonded Cluster 3.1.1.5 Ionically Bonded Cluster 3.1.1.6 Cluster with Cage Structure 3.1.2 General Characteristics of Atomic Clusters 3.1.2.1 Geometrical Structure 3.1.2.2 Stability 3.1.2.3 Electronic and Chemical Properties 3.1.2.4 Magnetic Properties 3.2 Pristine Carbon Clusters 3.2.1 Geometrical Structure 3.2.2 Electronic Properties 3.3 Doped Carbon Clusters 3.3.1 Boron-Doped Carbon Cluster 3.3.2 Silicon-Doped Carbon Cluster 3.3.3 Gold-Doped Carbon Cluster 3.3.4 Iron-Doped Carbon Cluster 3.3.5 Phosphorous-Doped Carbon Cluster 3.4 Summary and Future Scope Keywords References 4. Fullerenes: Synthesis and Applications Abstract 4.1 Introduction 4.2 History of Fullerenes Gloomy 4.3 Types of Fullerene 4.3.1 Buckyball Clusters 4.3.2 Nanotubes 4.3.3 Megatubes 4.3.4 Polymers 4.3.5 Nano-Onions 4.3.6 Buckminsterfullerene (C60) 4.4 C60 Fullerene 4.5 Synthesis of Fullerenes 4.5.1 Synthesis of Fullerenes by Using Laser Vaporization of Carbon 4.5.2 Synthesis of Fullerenes by Using Electric Arc Heating of Graphite 4.5.3 Synthesis of Fullerenes by Using Resistive Arc Heating of Graphite 4.5.4 Synthesis of Fullerene with Irradiation of Polycyclic Hydrocarbons (PAHS) by Laser Treatment 4.6 Reactivity and Structure of Fullerene 4.6.1 3D Shape of Fullerene 4.7 Applications 4.7.2 Antioxidant/Biopharmaceuticals 4.7.1 Medical Application 4.7.3 Antibacterial/Antimicrobial Activity 4.7.4 Antiviral Activity 4.7.5 Diagnostics 4.7.6 Drug Delivery 4.7.7 Disinfectant 4.7.8 Photovoltaic 4.7.9 Fullerene-Based Polymeric Materials 4.7.10 Water Purification/Environment 4.7.11 Hydrogen Storage 4.7.12 Energy Storage Materials 4.7.12.1 Super Capacitors 4.7.12.2 High-Performance Lithium Ion Batteries 4.7.12.3 Materials as Superconductors 4.7.12.4 Reinforced Composites 4.7.13 Treatment of Wastewater 4.8 Conclusions Keywords References 5. Biochar: An Advanced Carbon Material for Mitigation of Environmental Pollution Abstract 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Biochar Production 5.2.1 Temperature 5.2.2 Feedstock 5.2.3 Reaction Time 5.2.4 Other Factors 5.3 Modification of Biochar 5.3.1 Impregnation with Minerals 5.3.2 Nanoscale-Metals Assistance 5.3.3 Surface Oxidation 5.3.4 Surface Reduction Modifications 5.4 Application of BIochar 5.4.1 Application of Biochar for ORganic Pollutant Removal 5.4.2 Application of Biochar for Inorganic Pollutant Removal 5.5 Conclusions Keywords References 6. Preparation and Properties of Activated Carbon Abstract 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Preparation and Activation 6.2.1 Physical Activation 6.2.2 Chemical Activation 6.3 Physical Properties 6.3.1 Surface Area 6.3.2 Pore Structures 6.3.3 Iodine Number 6.3.4 Hardness 6.3.5 Apparent Density 6.3.6 ASH Content 6.3.7 pH Value 6.4 Adsorption of Activated Carbon 6.5 Classifications 6.5.1 Powdered Activated Carbon 6.5.2 Granular Activated Carbon 6.5.3 Extruded Activated Carbon/Pelletized Activated Carbon 6.5.4 Impregnated Activated Carbon 6.5.5 Polymer-Coated Activated Carbon 6.5.6 Activated Carbon Fiber 6.6 Conclusions Keywords References 7. Carbon Nanotubes: A New Dimension in Human Healthcare Applications Abstract 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Structural and Functional Characterization 7.2.1 Morphology and Properties 7.2.2 Synthesis 7.2.3 Functionalization 7.2.3.1 Noncovalent Functionalization 7.2.3.2 Covalent Functionalization 7.2.3.3 Hybrid Functionalization 7.3 Application in Human Health Care 7.3.1 Therapeutic Applications 7.3.1.1 CNTs in Chemotherapeutic Advances 7.3.1.2 CNTs in Gene Therapy and Nucleic ACID Therapeutics 7.3.1.3 CNT-Mediated PTT Against Cancer 7.3.1.4 Wound Healing with CNTs 7.3.1.5 CNTs in Regenerative Medicines 7.3.2 CNT-Based Bio-Imaging Applications 7.3.2.1 Fluorescence Bio-Imaging 7.3.2.2 Photoacoustic Imaging 7.3.2.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 7.3.2.4 Nuclear Imaging 7.4 Summary and Conclusion Keywords References 8. Mechanistic Insight into the Tuneable Electronic Properties of Chemically Functionalized Graphene Quantum Dots Abstract 8.1 Introduction 8.1.1 Graphene Quantum Dots 8.2 Electronic Properties of GQDs 8.2.1 Modulation of Electronic Properties by Chemical Functionalization 8.3 Conclusions Keywords References 9. Carborane Clusters for Promoting Medicinal Applications Abstract 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Structure of Carborane 9.3 Nomenclature of Carborane 9.4 Preparation of 1,2-closo-C2B10H12 9.5 Characterization of Carborane 9.6 Carborane Isomerization 9.7 Carborane Chemistry for Medicinal Application 9.7.1 Medical Applications of Carborane Clusters 9.7.1.1 Retinoid Receptor Ligands Having a Dicarba-Closo-Dodecaborane as a Hydrophobic Moiety 9.7.2 Steroid Analogs Bearing Carborane Cluster Modification 9.7.2.1 Estrogen Analogs Having a Dicarba-Closo-Dodecaborane as a Hydrophobic Moiety 9.7.2.2 Androgen Analogs Based on Carborane Cluster Structure 9.7.2.3 Carborane Cluster Bearing Cholesterol Mimics 9.7.3 Transthyretin Amyloidosis Inhibitors Containing Carborane Pharmacophores 9.7.4 Α-Human Thrombin Inhibitor Containing a Carborane Pharmacophore 9.7.5 Carborane–Nucleoside Conjugates as a New Human Blood Platelet Function Inhibitor 9.8 Summary Keywords References Index