New Directions in Conservation Medicine : Applied Cases of Ecological Health

"In recent years, species and ecosystems have been threatened by many anthropogenic factors manifested in local and global declines of populations and species. Although we consider conservation medicine an emerging field, the concept is the result of the long evolution of transdisciplinary thinking within the health and ecological sciences and the better understanding of the complexity within these various fields of knowledge. Conservation medicine was born from the cross fertilization of ideas generated by this new transdisciplinary design. It examines the links among changes in climate, habitat quality, and land use; emergence and re-emergence of infectious agents, parasites and environmental contaminants; and maintenance of biodiversity and ecosystem functions as they sustain the health of plant and animal communities including humans. During the past ten years, new tools and institutional initiatives for assessing and monitoring ecological health concerns have emerged: landscape epidemiology, disease ecological modeling and web-based analytics. New types of integrated ecological health assessment are being deployed; these efforts incorporate environmental indicator studies with specific biomedical diagnostic tools. Other innovations include the development of non-invasive physiological and behavioral monitoring techniques; the adaptation of modern molecular biological and biomedical techniques; the design of population level disease monitoring strategies; the creation of ecosystem-based health and sentinel species surveillance approaches; and the adaptation of health monitoring systems for appropriate developing country situations. New Directions of Conservation Medicine: Applied Cases of Ecological Health addresses these issues with relevant case studies and detailed applied examples. New Directions of Conservation Medicine challenges the notion that human health is an isolated concern removed from the bounds of ecology and species interactions. Human health, animal health, and ecosystem health are moving closer together and at some point, it will be inconceivable that there was ever a clear division."--Publisher description Cover 1 Contents 8 Foreword: Planet Doctors 12 Preface 14 Acknowledgments 16 Contributors 18 PART ONE: CONSERVATION MEDICINE: ECOLOGICAL HEALTH IN PRACTICE 28 1. Conservation Medicine: Ontogeny of an Emerging Discipline 30 2. Ecohealth: Connecting Ecology, Health, and Sustainability 44 3. One Health, One Medicine 60 4. Biodiversity and Human Health 72 5. An Ecosystem Service of Biodiversity: The Protection of Human Health Against Infectious Disease 83 6. Parasite Conservation, Conservation Medicine and Ecosystem Health 94 7. Stress and Immunosuppression as Factors in the Decline and Extinction of Wildlife Populations: Concepts, Evidence, and Challenges 109 PART TWO: ANTHROPOGENIC CHANGE AND CONSERVATION MEDICINE 136 8. Climate Change and Infectious Disease Dynamics 138 9. Wildlife Health in a Changing North: A Model for Global Environmental Change 149 10. Habitat Fragmentation and Infectious Disease Ecology 162 11. Wildlife Trade and the Spread of Disease 178 12. Bushmeat and Infectious Disease Emergence 191 13. Human Migration, Border Controls, and Infectious Disease Emergence 206 PART THREE: EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND CONSERVATION MEDICINE 220 14. Are Bats Exceptional Viral Reservoirs? 222 15. SARS: A Case Study for Factors Driving Disease Emergence 240 16. H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza: Breaking the Rules in Disease Emergence 255 17. Bartonellosis: An Emerging Disease of Humans, Domestic Animals, and Wildlife 266 18. Brucella ceti and Brucella pinnipedialis: Infections in Marine Mammals 284 19. Infectious Cancers in Wildlife 297 20. From Protozoan Infection in Monarch Butterflies to Colony Collapse Disorder in Bees: Are Emerging Infectious Diseases Proliferating in the Insect World? 311 21. Fungal Diseases in Neotropical Forests Disturbed by Humans 329 22. Emerging Infectious Diseases in Fisheries and Aquaculture 339 23. Southern Sea Otters as Sentinels for Land–Sea Pathogens and Pollutants 355 PART FOUR: ECOTOXICOLOGY AND CONSERVATION MEDICINE 370 24. Ecotoxicology: Bridging Wildlife, Humans, and Ecosystems 372 25. Wildlife Toxicology: Environmental Contaminants and Their National and International Regulation 386 26. Marine Biotoxins: Emergence of Harmful Algal Blooms as Health Threats to Marine Wildlife 401 27. Beluga from the St. Lawrence Estuary: A Case Study of Cancer and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 417 PART FIVE: PLACE-BASED CONSERVATION MEDICINE 434 28. Sense and Serendipity: Conservation and Management of Bison in Canada 436 29. Pathogens, Parks, and People: The Role of Bovine Tuberculosis in South African Conservation 450 30. Disease Ecology and Conservation of Ungulates, Wild Rabbits, and the Iberian Lynx in the Mediterranean Forest 466 31. The Kibale EcoHealth Project: Exploring Connections Among Human Health, Animal Health, and Landscape Dynamics in Western Uganda 479 32. Conservation Medicine in Brazil: Case Studies of Ecological Health in Practice 493 33. Linking Conservation of Biodiversity and Culture with Sustainable Health and Wellness: The Itzamma Model and Global Implications for Healing Across Cultures 506 34. Biological Diversity and Human Health: Using Plants and Traditional Ethnomedical Knowledge to Improve Public Health and Conservation Programs in Micronesia 520 PART SIX: APPLIED TECHNIQUES OF CONSERVATION MEDICINE 530 35. Human Health in the Biodiversity Hotspots: Applications of Geographic Information System Technology and Implications for Conservation 532 36. Determining When Parasites of Amphibians Are Conservation Threats to their Hosts: Methods and Perspectives 548 37. Strategies for Wildlife Disease Surveillance 566 38. Wildlife Health Monitoring Systems in North America: From Sentinel Species to Public Policy 579 39. Epidemiologic Investigation of Infectious Pathogens in Marine Mammals: The Importance of Serum Banks and Statistical Analysis 590 40. Sorta Situ: The New Reality of Management Conditions for Wildlife Populations in the Absence of “Wild” Spaces 603 41. Modeling Population Viability and Extinction Risk in the Presence of Parasitism 617 42. Using Mathematical Models in a Unified Approach to Predicting the Next Emerging Infectious Disease 634 Index 646 A 646 B 647 C 649 D 650 E 651 F 653 G 653 H 654 I 656 J 657 K 657 L 657 M 657 N 659 O 659 P 660 Q 661 R 662 S 662 T 664 U 664 V 664 W 665 Y 666 Z 666 Although we consider conservation medicine an emerging field, the concept is the result of a long evolution of trans-disciplinary thinking within the health and ecological sciences. Conservation medicine examines the links among changes in climate, habitat quality, and land use; emergence and re-emergence of infectious agents, parasites and environmental contaminants; and maintenance of biodiversity and ecosystem functions as they sustain the health of plant and animal communities. In the last decade, the field has seen remarkable growth and led to countless innovations-the development of non-invasive physiological and behavioral monitoring techniques, the adaptation of modern molecular biological and biomedical techniques, and the design of population level disease monitoring strategies among them. Through detailed case studies and numerous applied examples, New Directions of Conservation Medicine: Applied Cases of Ecological Health presents new tools and institutional initiatives for assessing and monitoring ecological health concerns, as well as new types of integrated ecological health assessment. The book challenges the notion that human health is an isolated concern removed from the bounds of ecology and species interactions, arguing that the disciplines of human health, animal health, and ecosystem health are quickly merging and, in the near future, will become inextricably entwined. Book jacket New Directions of Conservation Medicine: Applied Cases of Ecological Health covers topics from emerging diseases and toxicants to the EcoHealth/One Health explosion. It challenges the notion that human health is an isolated concern removed from the bounds of ecology and species interactions.