New Dimensions of Confucian and Neo-Confucian Philosophy (S U N Y Series in Philosophy)

This is the first book to thoroughly explore Confucian and Neo-Confucian metaphysics and ethics, building upon the creativity and temporality of human existence and human nature as well as their extension into human culture. Fundamental essays deal cogently with the relationship between Chinese language and Chinese philosophy, offering general categories which shape the matrix of ideas woven in Chinese philosophy from its very beginnings. Along with more general characterizations, there are themes placing Confucian thinkers in touch with modern communication theories, perceptions of individuals, religious themes, and scientific worldviews. Conceptual and comparative essays probe the frontiers of Chinese philosophy in its contemporary Confucian revival.Chung-ying Cheng is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Hawaii at Manoa. He is also the founder of the International Society of Chinese Philosophy and the Journal of Chinese Philosophy. New Dimensions of Confucian and Neo-Confucian Philosophy......Page 2 CONTENTS......Page 6 PREFACE......Page 8 FOREWORD......Page 10 Unity of Human Experience and Human Thinking......Page 13 Contrasting Modes of Origination and Orientation......Page 16 Natural Naturalization and Human Immanentization......Page 21 Two Senses of Confucian Philosophy as the Mainstream......Page 34 Understanding Methodology and the Methodology of Understanding......Page 39 Topics in Confucian and Neo-Confucian Philosophy......Page 51 Notes......Page 71 PART I CHINESE PHILOSOPHICAL ORIENTATIONS......Page 74 Fallacies in Early Studies in Chinese Philosophy......Page 75 Archetypal Ideas in the Pre-Confucian Period......Page 78 The Tradition of Confucianism......Page 79 The Tradition of Taoism......Page 81 The Tradition of Chinese Buddhism......Page 85 Four Characteristics of Chinese Philosophy......Page 89 Chinese Philosophy as Intrinsic Humanism......Page 90 Chinese Philosophy as Concrete Rationalism......Page 91 Chinese Philosophy as Organic Naturalism......Page 93 Chinese Philosophy as the Pragmatism of Self-Cultivation......Page 94 Conclusion......Page 96 Two Levels of Understanding......Page 98 Standard Model of Causality in Western Philosophy......Page 100 Ontological Presuppositions of Laws of Causation......Page 102 Model of Causality: A Chinese Approach......Page 103 The Confucianist World View......Page 104 The Taoist World View......Page 106 Chinese Model of Causality: Three Characterizing Principles......Page 108 Chinese Model of Causality: Correlative Thinking......Page 110 Chinese Model of Causality: Dialectical Laws......Page 113 Notes......Page 116 Two Senses of Skepticism and Their Exemplifications......Page 118 Dialectical Roles of Positive Skepticism in Chinese Philosophy......Page 121 Background Explanation of the Presence and Absence of Negative Skepticism......Page 129 Notes......Page 138 Methodological Considerations......Page 139 Problematic and Scope of Inquiry......Page 141 A Theory of Conscience—Conscience as Liang-Chih in Mencius (371-289 B.C.)......Page 142 Dynamics of Conscience (Liang-Chih) in Action......Page 145 Two Types of Theories of Mind: Conscience in Relation to Principles......Page 153 Theory of Mind As The Ontological Ground of The Theories of Liang-Chih and Chih-Liang-Chih......Page 158 Understanding the Individual in the Theory of Mind......Page 163 The Sociological Basis of the Confucian Conscience, Mind and Individual......Page 168 Concluding Remarks......Page 170 Notes......Page 172 Whitehead's Doctrine of Symbolic Reference......Page 175 I Ching As a System of Symbolic Reference......Page 179 Tao Te Ching as a System of Symbolic Reference......Page 184 Concluding Remarks......Page 192 Notes......Page 193 Preliminary Remarks: Ambivalence of Themes and the Present Task......Page 195 Metaphysics of Harmony and Conflict in Confucianism......Page 196 Metaphysics of Harmony and Conflict in Taoism......Page 201 The Dialectics of Harmonization......Page 204 Contrast with the Dialectics of Conflict......Page 205 Contrast with the Dialectic of Transcendence......Page 207 Dialectics of Harmonization in Chinese Ethical Social and Political Philosophies......Page 210 Polarity of the Outer and the Inner in the Dialectics of Harmonization......Page 212 Problem of Harmonization over Conflicts Between Fa and Li, Yi and Li......Page 215 Polarity of Chih and Hsing and Their Harmonization......Page 217 Polarities of Li-Ch'i, Li-Yu and T'i-Yung and Their Harmonization Problems......Page 219 Concluding Remarks: Toward Development of Paradigms of Harmonization......Page 221 Notes......Page 224 PART II CONFUCIAN DIMENSIONS......Page 229 II......Page 230 III......Page 232 IV......Page 235 V......Page 236 Notes......Page 240 Meaning and Function of Yi in Confucian Doctrine......Page 242 Development of Yi in Mencius......Page 246 Notes......Page 253 A Methodological Distinction......Page 255 Four Basic Characterizations of the Classical Confucian Notion of Mind......Page 256 Unity with Reality as the First Characterization of the Mind......Page 257 Intrinsic Activity Toward the Realization of Harmony (Ho) as the Second Characterization of the Mind.........Page 258 Inward Recognition of the Will to Good for the Fulfillment of Good as the Third Characterization of .........Page 260 Possibility of Amissness and the Self-Correcting Capacity of Cultivation as the Fourth and Final Cha.........Page 264 Recapitulation of the Above......Page 265 Two Basic Related Questions......Page 266 Notes......Page 268 Introduction......Page 270 Theory and Practice in Confucius......Page 271 Theory and Practice in the Great Learning, the Doctrine of the Mean, and the Mencius......Page 275 Wang Yang-ming and the Unity of Theory and Action......Page 282 Concluding Remarks......Page 285 Notes......Page 288 Three Stages of The Development of Confucian Morality......Page 289 Three Stages of Development as Three Dimensions of a Theory......Page 290 Confucian Morality as a Manifestation of Religious Consciousness......Page 293 Comparison with the Kantian Morality......Page 297 Comparison with the Humean Morality......Page 299 Retort to Sartre's Criticism......Page 300 Notes......Page 302 I......Page 303 II......Page 304 III......Page 306 IV......Page 312 V......Page 314 VI......Page 318 Notes......Page 319 Issues and Problems......Page 320 Objections to the Marxist Historical Reduction of Philosophy......Page 321 The Ambiguity of the Terms "Law" (fa) and "Legalism" (fa-chia)......Page 323 The Rise and Basic Program of Legalism......Page 325 The Political Philosophy of Confucius and Mencius and Its Grounding......Page 329 Is Hsun Tzu a Confucianist?......Page 334 The True Nature of the Antagonism Between Legalism and Confucianism......Page 339 Conclusion: Can Confucianistic Humanism Combine Science and the Rule of Law in the Modern World?......Page 342 Notes......Page 346 From Confucian T'ien/Hsing to Heideggerian Sein/Dasein......Page 348 The Difference between Heidegger and Confucius: The Existentiality of Hsing-Ming......Page 351 A Confucian Interpretation of Dasein......Page 355 Care or Yu-huan and Temporality or Time......Page 359 Unity of the Future and Unity of Time......Page 361 The Possibility of Primordial Time or Temporality: From Heidegger to the I Ching......Page 364 Time as Timing and as Timeliness......Page 367 The Theme of Transformation in the I Ching......Page 371 The Theme of Creativity in the I Ching......Page 374 Concluding Remarks......Page 375 Notes......Page 377 PART III NEO-CONFUCIAN DIMENSIONS......Page 381 Introductory Remarks......Page 382 Telos of Learning and Understanding......Page 383 Knowledge and Truth in Fulfillment of Nature......Page 384 Two Dimensions of Knowing......Page 387 Chü-ching as a Constitutive Requirement of Learning......Page 389 Methodological Structure in Chu Hsi......Page 395 Contemporary Analytic Relevancies......Page 397 Notes......Page 401 General Remarks on Wang Yang-ming's Philosophy of Mind......Page 403 Nonsubstantial Substance (Original Reality) of Mind......Page 404 Original Reality of the Mind as Manifested in liang-chih......Page 407 On yi as Activation of the Mind and as a Form of Creativity......Page 409 Unity and Creativity of the Mind in Its Activation: Chih-Hsing-Ho-Yi......Page 410 More Philosophical Points about chih-hsing-ho-yi......Page 413 Unity and Creativity of the Mind in Consummation: chih-liang-chih......Page 417 Chih-liang-chih and Unity and Creativity of the Mind in Chung-ho......Page 421 Notes......Page 425 Ambivalence of Practicality in Confucianism......Page 431 What is Shih-Hsüeh (Practical Learning)?......Page 432 Can One Deduce Shih-Hsüeh from Li-Hsüeh?......Page 438 How Practical-Minded Was Chu Hsi in His Political Life?......Page 444 Is Wang Yang-ming's Hsin-Hsüeh Incompatible with Shih-Hsüeh?......Page 447 Practicality in the Political Career of Wang Yang-ming......Page 451 Concluding Remarks......Page 453 Notes......Page 455 The Notion of Religion and the Four Main Types of Religious Thought......Page 458 Application to Confucianism and Neo-Confucianism......Page 461 The Consciousness of Religious Reality in Confucianism......Page 462 The Consciousness of Religious Reality in Neo-Confucianism......Page 467 Religious Understanding in Confucianism......Page 469 Religious Understanding in Neo-Confucianism......Page 474 Conclusion I: The Dynamic Unity of Religious Reality and Religious Understanding in Confucianism and.........Page 478 Conclusion II: A New Notion of the Numinous......Page 481 Notes......Page 484 Classical Background of Sung-Ming Neo-Confucianism......Page 488 The Four-Sentence Teaching as the Total Theory of chih-liang-chih (Fulfilling the Ability to Know Go.........Page 491 Nature of the pen-t'i of Mind: Does It Partake of Good and Evil?......Page 493 Is the pen-t'i of Mind a Buddhistic Notion?......Page 496 Yi-Activity and Meaning of Good and Evil......Page 498 The Metaphysical Source of yi-nien: An Ontological Observation......Page 500 Difficulties in Relating the Second and Third Sentences: Two Objections from Liu Tsung-chou......Page 501 Doctrine of ke-wu and Definition of hsing (Action)......Page 505 Concluding Remarks: Four Requirements of chih-liang-chih......Page 507 Notes......Page 509 Introductory Remarks......Page 511 The ch'i and li-ch'i Relationship in Wang Fu-chih (1619-1692)......Page 514 The li-yü Relationship, as Based on the li-ch'i Relationship in Wang Fu-Chih......Page 524 The li-ch'i and li-yü Relationships in Yen Yuan (1635-1704) and Li Kung (1659-1753)......Page 528 The li-ch'i and li-yü Relationships in Huang Tsung-Hsi (1610-1695), Ch'en Ch'ueh (1604-1677), Li Erh.........Page 533 Conclusion......Page 538 Notes......Page 540 I......Page 544 II......Page 546 III......Page 551 IV......Page 556 V......Page 561 Notes......Page 564 (Introduction)......Page 566 (Chapter 1)......Page 569 (Chapter 2)......Page 570 (Chapter 3)......Page 571 (Chapter 4)......Page 572 (Chapter 5)......Page 574 (Chapter 6)......Page 575 (Chapter 7)......Page 578 (Chapter 8)......Page 579 (Chapter 9)......Page 580 (Chapter 10)......Page 582 (Chapter 11)......Page 583 (Chapter 12)......Page 584 (Chapter 13)......Page 585 (Chapter 14)......Page 587 (Chapter 15)......Page 589 (Chapter 16)......Page 591 (Chapter 17)......Page 593 (Chapter 18)......Page 596 (Chapter 19)......Page 598 (Chapter 20)......Page 601 (Chapter 21)......Page 604 B......Page 605 C......Page 606 D......Page 611 F......Page 612 H......Page 613 I......Page 614 K......Page 615 M......Page 616 N......Page 618 R......Page 619 T......Page 620 W......Page 621 Y......Page 624 Part I. Chinese Philosophical Orientations. Chinese Philosophy: A Characterization -- A Model Of Causality In Chinese Philosophy: A Comparative Study -- The Nature And Function Of Skepticism In Chinese Philosophy -- Conscience, Mind And The Individual In Chinese Philosophy -- Chinese Philosophy And Symbolic Reference -- Toward Constructing A Dialectics Of Harmonization: Harmony And Conflict In Chinese Philosophy -- -- Part Ii. Confucian Dimensions. Rectifying Names (cheng-ming) In Classical Confucianism -- On Yi As A Universal Principle Of Specific Application In Confucian Morality -- Some Aspects Of The Confucian Notion Of Mind -- Theory And Practice In Confucianism -- Dialectic Of Confucian Morality And Metaphysics Of Man: A Philosophical Analysis -- Confucian Methodology And Understanding The Human Person -- Legalism Versus Confucianism: A Philosophical Appraisal -- Confucius, Heidegger And The Philosophy Of The I Ching: On Mutual Interpretations Of Ontologies -- -- Part Iii. Neo-confucian Dimensions. Method, Knowledge And Truth In Chu Hsi -- Unity And Creativity In Wang Yang-ming's Philosophy Of Mind -- Practical Learning In Yen Yuan, Chu Hsi, And Wang Yang-ming -- Religious Reality And Religious Understanding In Confucianism And Neo-confucianism -- The Consistency And Meaning Of The Four-sentence Teaching In Ming Ju Hsüeh An -- Li-ch'i And Li-yü Relationships In Seventeenth-century Neo-confucian Philosophy -- Categories Of Creativity In Whitehead And Neo-confucianism. By Chung-ying Cheng. Includes Bibliographical References.