New Business Models for the Reuse of Secondary Resources From WEEEs : The FENIX Project

"This open access book summarizes research being pursued within the FENIX project, funded by the EU community under the H2020 programme, the goal of which is to design a new product service paradigm able to promote innovative business models, to open added value to the vessels and to create new market segments. It experiments and validates its approach on three new concepts of added-value specialized vessels able to run requested services for several maritime sectors in the most effective, efficient, economic valuable and eco-friendly way. The three vessels share the same lean design methodology, IoT tools and HPC simulation strategy: a lean fact-based design model approach, which combines real operative data at sea with lean methodology, to support the development and implementation of the vessel concepts; IT customized tools to enable the acquisition, processing and usage of on board and local weather data, through an IoT platform, to provide business services to different stakeholders; HPC simulation, providing a virtual towing tank environment, for early vessel design improvement and testing. The book demonstrates that an integrated LCC analysis and LCC strategy to guarantee sustainability to vessels concepts and the proper environmental attention inside the maritime industry."--Provided by publisher Preface 6 Contents 8 1 Introduction 9 1.1 Circular Economy 9 1.2 Industry 4.0 10 1.3 Product-Service Systems 10 1.4 The FENIX Project 11 References 15 2 Circular Business Models Identification 17 2.1 Current State of the Art on CBMs and Their Classification Methods 17 2.2 Current State of the Art on Industrial Benefits Related with CBMs 18 2.3 Identification of the FENIX Industrial Benefits 19 2.4 Identification of the FENIX CBMs 20 2.5 Implementation of the FENIX CBM Assessment Matrixes 21 2.6 Conclusions 22 References 22 3 Circular Economy Performance Assessment 25 3.1 State of the Art on Circular Economy Performance Assessment Methods 25 3.2 The Circular Economy Performance Assessment Methodology 27 3.3 Circularity Product Assessment (CPA) Methodology 28 3.3.1 CPA Phase 1—Objectives Definition and Settings 29 3.3.2 CPA Phase 2—Inventory Analysis and Resource Flows Decomposition 29 3.3.3 CPA Phase 3—Weights and Indexes Calculation 30 3.3.4 CPA Phase 4—Circularity Indexes Calculation 34 3.4 Conclusions 40 References 40 4 Semi-automated PCB Disassembly Station 42 4.1 State of the Art on WEEE Disassembly Processes 43 4.1.1 Cobots and Disassembly Processes 43 4.1.2 Cobots and WEEE Disassembly Processes 44 4.1.3 Cobots and PCB Disassembly Processes 44 4.2 The Semi-automated PCB Disassembly Station at POLIMI’s Industry 4.0 Lab 44 4.2.1 Structure of the PCB Disassembly Station 45 4.2.2 The PCB Disassembly Process in Detail 45 4.2.3 Front/Back PCB Disassembly Process Setup 46 4.2.4 Front/back PCB Desoldering Process 46 4.3 ROS-Based Control Architecture Setup 48 4.3.1 Low-Level Real Time Controller 48 4.3.2 High-Level Task and Safety Management Controller 49 4.3.3 Cobot State and Trajectory Planning Real Time Visualization Tool 50 4.3.4 Operator-Oriented Manual Control Interface 51 4.3.5 Real Time Process Data Gathering Tool 51 4.3.6 Desk Web Interface 51 4.3.7 FRANKA® Control Interface 52 4.4 Application and Results 52 4.4.1 Manual Desoldering Tests 52 4.4.2 Cobot-Assisted Desoldering Tests 52 4.4.3 Data Gathering from Cobot-Assisted Desoldering Tests 53 4.5 Conclusions 54 References 54 5 A Mobile Pilot Plant for the Recovery of Precious and Critical Raw Materials 56 5.1 Introduction 56 5.2 Pilot Plant Design and Description by Process Performing 57 5.2.1 GOLD REC 1 Process Description 60 5.2.2 GOLD REC 2 Process Description 65 5.3 Conclusion 69 References 70 6 An Innovative (DIW-Based) Additive Manufacturing Process 71 6.1 Direct Ink Writing 71 6.1.1 DIW Technology Introduction 71 6.1.2 Ink Process Generation for DIW Technology 72 6.1.3 Printable DIW Parts Design Criteria 74 6.2 Whys of DIW 74 6.3 FENIX’s DIW Machine 76 6.3.1 Machine Parts 76 6.3.2 Printing Process with FENIX Machine 77 6.3.3 First Test Validation 79 6.3.4 Sintering Process Parameters 80 6.4 Technology’s Viability 82 6.4.1 Applications in the Industry 82 6.4.2 Applications in the Industry 85 6.5 Conclusions 85 Reference 86 7 The Life Cycle Performance Assessment (LCPA) Methodology 87 7.1 Sustainable Business Models 88 7.2 Electrical and Electronic Waste Market 89 7.3 Life Cycle Performance Assessment (LCPA) for FENIX 91 7.4 Assessment of FENIX Implementations 93 7.5 LCA Assessment of the FENIX Processes and Use Cases 99 7.6 Conclusions 101 References 102 8 A Decision-Support System for the Digitization of Circular Supply Chains 103 8.1 Extracted Materials Quality Prediction 104 8.2 Rules Extraction 107 8.3 Time Series Forecasting 109 8.4 Materials Classification 110 8.5 Conclusions 113 References 113 9 User Participation and Social Integration Through ICT Technologies 114 9.1 Customer Engagement Strategies 114 9.2 FENIX Digital Ecosystem and Provided Incentives 115 9.2.1 Social Benefits 116 9.2.2 Entertainment Benefits 116 9.2.3 Economic Benefits 117 9.3 FENIX Crowdsourcing System 117 9.3.1 Role of Human Users 118 9.3.2 Crowdvoting System 118 9.4 FENIX Pre-identified Goals and Link to Developed Mechanisms 119 9.5 The Digital Marketplace 120 9.5.1 Forum 121 9.5.2 The Main Marketplace 123 9.5.3 Showroom 123 9.5.4 Customer’s Generated Content 124 9.5.5 Open Innovation Platform 124 9.5.6 Other Horizontally Applied Functions 125 9.6 Conclusions 126 References 127 10 Recycling and Upcycling: FENIX Validation on Three Use Cases 128 10.1 Introduction 128 10.2 Albus, the Data Repository of FENIX 129 10.3 Collection and Dismantling, the Conventional Approach 130 10.4 Semi-Automated Disassembly, an Innovative Approach 131 10.5 Use Case 1: Green Metal Powders for Additive Manufacturing 132 10.6 Use Case 2: 3D Printed Jewels 139 10.6.1 Description of the Involved Plants in UC2 141 10.6.2 Metal Recovery 142 10.6.3 3D Scanning 142 10.6.4 Wax Printing and Lost-Wax Casting 146 10.7 Use Case 3: Advanced Filaments 146 10.7.1 Granulation, Compounding and Extrusion 149 10.7.2 Printing of the Metal/polymer Filaments Developed from Recycled WEEE 151 10.7.3 Debinding and Sintering of the Final Metal Part 152 10.8 Conclusions 155 10.8.1 Use Case 1 Conclusions 155 10.8.2 Use Case 2 Conclusions 156 10.8.3 Use Case 3 Conclusions 156