Neutrinos in Particle Physics, Astronomy and Cosmology (Advanced Topics in Science and Technology in China)

Neutrinos in Particle Physics, Astronomy and Cosmology provides a comprehensive and up-to-date introduction to neutrino physics, neutrino astronomy and neutrino cosmology. The intrinsic properties and fundamental interactions of neutrinos are described, as is the phenomenology of lepton flavor mixing, seesaw mechanisms and neutrino oscillations. The cosmic neutrino background, stellar neutrinos, supernova neutrinos and ultrahigh-energy cosmic neutrinos, together with the cosmological matter-antimatter asymmetry and other roles of massive neutrinos in cosmology, are discussed in detail. This book is intended for researchers and graduate students in the fields of particle physics, particle astrophysics and cosmology. Dr. Zhizhong Xing is a professor at the Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; Dr. Shun Zhou is currently a postdoctoral fellow at the Max Planck Institute for Physics, Germany. Cover 1 Advanced Topics in Science and Technology in China 2 Neutrinos in Particle Physics, Astronomy and Cosmology 4 ISBN 9783642175596 5 Preface 6 Table of Content 10 1 Neutrinos: Past, Present and Future 16 1.1 Neutrinos in Nuclear and Particle Physics 16 1.1.1 Pauli’s Neutrino Hypothesis 17 1.1.2 Weak Interactions and Neutrinos 18 1.1.3 Discoveries of Neutrinos 19 1.2 Neutrinos in Astronomy and Cosmology 21 1.2.1 Neutrinos from Stars and Supernovae 22 1.2.2 High-energy Cosmic Neutrinos 24 1.2.3 Cosmic Neutrino Background 25 1.3 Knowledgeand Questions on Neutrinos 26 1.3.1 Present Knowledgeon Neutrinos 27 1.3.2 Open Questions on Neutrinos 29 References 32 2 Neutrinos within the Standard Model 36 2.1 Fundamentals of the Standard Model 36 2.1.1 Gauge Symmetries 36 2.1.2 Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking 38 2.1.3 Renormalizability 40 2.1.4 The Standard Electroweak Model 43 2.2 Standard Interactions of Neutrinos 47 2.2.1 Neutrino-electron Scattering 49 2.2.2 Neutrino-neutrino Scattering 54 2.2.3 Neutrino-nucleon Interactions 55 2.3 Neutrino Propagation in a Medium 58 2.3.1 Coherent Forward Scattering 58 2.3.2 The E .ective Potential 62 2.3.3 Neutrino Self-energy Approach 66 References 73 3 Neutrinos beyond the Standard Model 76 3.1 Experimental Evidence for Neutrino Masses 76 3.1.1 Atmospheric Neutrino Oscillations 77 3.1.2 Accelerator Neutrino Oscillations 78 3.1.3Solar Neutrino Oscillations 79 3.1.4 Reactor Neutrino Oscillations 82 3.1.5 Implications of Experimental Data 84 3.2 Dirac and Majorana Neutrino Mass Terms 84 3.2.1 Dirac Masses and Lepton Number Conservation 86 3.2.2 Majorana Masses and Lepton Number Violation 88 3.2.3 Hybrid Mass Terms and Seesaw Mechanisms 90 3.3 C,P and T Properties of Fermion Fields 94 3.3.1 C,P and T Transformations of Spinor Bilinears 94 3.3.2 CP Violation in Quark and Lepton Sectors 96 3.4 Electromagnetic Properties of Massive Neutrinos 101 3.4.1 Electromagnetic Form Factors 101 3.4.2 Magnetic and Electric Dipole Moments 104 3.4.3 Radiative Decays of Massive Neutrinos 107 3.4.4 Electromagnetic Neutrino-electron Scattering 109 3.5 Lepton Flavor Mixing and CP Violation 112 3.5.1 Classification of Different Parametrizations 112 3.5.2 DemocraticandTri-bimaximal Mixing Patterns 115 3.5.3 Rephasing Invariants and Unitarity Triangles 118 3.5.4 Flavor Problems in Particle Physics 120 3.6 Running Behaviors of Neutrino Mass Parameters 123 3.6.1 One-loop Renormalization-group Equations 124 3.6.2 Evolution of Majorana Neutrino Mass Parameters 126 3.6.3 Evolution of Dirac Neutrino Mass Parameters 131 References 134 4 Seesaw Mechanisms of Neutrino Masses 140 4.1 How to Generate Tiny Neutrino Masses 140 4.1.1 Non-seesaw Mechanisms 141 4.1.2 Seesaw Mechanisms 143 4.1.3 The Weinberg Operator 144 4.2 OntheScales of Seesaw Mechanisms 148 4.2.1 Seesaw-induced Hierarchy Problem 148 4.2.2 Seesaw-induced Naturalness Problem 149 4.3 Seesaw Mechanisms at the TeV Scale 150 4.3.1 Type-I Seesaw Mechanism 150 4.3.2 Type-II Seesaw Mechanism 152 4.3.3 Type-(I+II)Seesaw Mechanism 153 4.3.4 Type-III Seesaw Mechanism 155 4.3.5 Inverse Seesaw Mechanism 156 4.4 Multiple Seesaw Mechanisms 157 4.4.1 Two Classes of Multiple Seesaw Mechanisms 158 4.4.2 Charged-current Interactions 162 4.5 Non-unitary Neutrino Mixing and CP Violation 165 4.5.1 Jarlskog Invariants of CP Violation 166 4.5.2 Mixing Angles and CP-violating Phases 167 References 170 5 Phenomenology of Neutrino Oscillations 174 5.1 Neutrino Oscillations and Matter Effects 174 5.1.1 Neutrino Oscillations in Vacuum 175 5.1.2 Adiabatic Neutrino Oscillations in Matter 179 5.1.3 Non-adiabatic Neutrino Oscillations in Matter 183 5.1.4 The 3×3 Neutrino Mixing Matrix in Matter 186 5.1.5 Leptonic Unitarity Triangles in Matter 189 5.2 Neutrino Oscillations and Quantum Coherence 192 5.2.1 A Paradox of Neutrino Oscillations 193 5.2.2 The Wave-packet Approach 197 5.2.3Coherence of Cosmic Neutrinos 199 5.3 Density Matrix Formulation 202 5.3.1 Two-.avor Neutrino Oscillations 203 5.3.2 Three-.avor Neutrino Oscillations 208 5.3.3 Non-linear Evolution Equations 210 5.4 Future Long-baseline Neutrino Oscillation Facilities 216 5.4.1 Prospects of Accelerator Neutrino Experiments 216 5.4.2 Prospects of Reactor Antineutrino Experiments 221 References 224 6 Neutrinos from Stars 228 6.1 Stellar Evolution in a Nutshell 228 6.1.1 Distance, Luminosity and Mass 228 6.1.2 Basic Equations of Stellar Evolution 233 6.1.3 Energy Sources of Stars 238 6.1.4 The Mass-Luminosity Relation 241 6.2 Neutrinos from the Sun 242 6.2.1 The Standard Solar Model 243 6.2.2 Proton-proton Chain and CNO Cycle 245 6.2.3Solar Neutrino Fluxes 247 6.3 Experimental Detection of Solar Neutrinos 248 6.3.1 Radiochemical Methods 248 6.3.2 Water Cherenkov Detectors 252 6.3.3 Future Solar Neutrino Experiments 255 6.4 Solar Neutrino Oscillations 256 6.4.1 The Solar Neutrino Problem 256 6.4.2 The MSW Matter Effects 257 6.4.3 Constraints on Neutrino Properties 259 References 260 7 Neutrinos from Supernovae 264 7.1 Stellar Core Collapses and Supernova Neutrinos 264 7.1.1 Degenerate Stars 265 7.1.2 Core-collapse Supernovae 267 7.1.3 Supernova Neutrinos 269 7.2 Lessons from the Supernova 1987A 271 7.2.1 Discoveries of the Neutrino Burst 272 7.2.2 Constraints on Neutrino Properties 274 7.2.3 The Diffuse Supernova Neutrino Background 275 7.2.4 Future Supernova Neutrino Experiments 277 7.3 Matter Effects on Supernova Neutrinos 278 7.3.1 Neutrino Fluxes and Energy Spectra 280 7.3.2 Matter Effects in the Supernova 280 7.3.3 Matter Effects in the Earth 284 7.4 Collective Neutrino Flavor Conversions 287 7.4.1 Equations of Motion 287 7.4.2 Synchronized Neutrino Oscillations 290 7.4.3 Bipolar Flavor Conversions 292 7.4.4 Neutrino Spectral Splits 295 7.4.5 Effects of Three Neutrino Flavors 298 References 300 8 Ultrahigh-energy Cosmic Neutrinos 304 8.1 Possible Sources of UHE Cosmic Neutrinos 304 8.1.1 The GZK Cutoff and UHE Neutrinos 305 8.1.2 Astrophysical Sources of UHE Neutrinos 307 8.1.3 Top-down Models and UHE Neutrinos 312 8.2 Detection of UHE Cosmic Neutrinos 313 8.2.1 A km3 -scale UHE Neutrino Telescope 314 8.2.2 Identification of UHE Neutrino Flavors 315 8.2.3 Other Ways to Detect UHE Neutrinos 318 8.3 Flavor Distribution of UHE Cosmic Neutrinos 320 8.3.1 Flavor Issues of UHE Neutrinos 320 8.3.2 Flavor Effects in New Physics Scenarios 324 8.4 Neutrinos and Multi-messenger Astronomy 328 8.4.1 Cosmic Neutrinos and Z -bursts 328 8.4.2 Cosmic Neutrinos and Gamma Rays 330 8.4.3 Neutrinos and Gravitational Waves 333 References 334 9 Big Bang Nucleosynthesis and Relic Neutrinos 338 9.1 Neutrinos in the Early Universe 338 9.1.1 Hubble’s Law and the Friedmann Equations 339 9.1.2 The Energy Density of the Universe 340 9.1.3 The Age and Radius of the Universe 342 9.1.4 Radiation in the Early Universe 344 9.1.5 Neutrino Decoupling 347 9.2 Big Bang Nucleosynthesis 350 9.2.1 The Neutron-to-proton Ratio 351 9.2.2 Synthesis of the Light Nuclei 352 9.2.3 The Baryon Density and Neutrino Species 355 9.3 Possible Ways to Detect RelicNeutrinos 357 9.3.1 Cosmic Neutrino Background 357 9.3.2 Direct Detection of Relic Neutrinos 358 References 362 10 Neutrinos and Cosmological Structures 364 10.1 The Cosmic Microwave Background 364 10.1.1 Matter-radiation Equality 364 10.1.2 Formation of the CMB 366 10.1.3 Anisotropies of the CMB 368 10.1.4 Neutrino Species and Masses 372 10.2 Large-scale Structures and Dark Matter 374 10.2.1 Inflation and Density Fluctuations 375 10.2.2 LSS and Dark Matter 378 10.2.3 Constraints on Neutrino Masses 380 10.2.4 Sterile Neutrinos as Dark Matter 384 References 387 11 Cosmological Matter-antimatter Asymmetry 390 11.1 Baryon Asymmetry of the Universe 390 11.1.1 Constraints from Antimatter Searches 391 11.1.2 Observations from the CMB and BBN 393 11.2 Typical Mechanisms of Baryogenesis 394 11.2.1 Sakharov Conditions 394 11.2.2 Electroweak Baryogenesis 395 11.2.3 GUT Baryogenesis 401 11.2.4 The Affeck-Dine Mechanism 402 11.2.5 Leptogenesis 404 11.3 Baryogenesis via Leptogenesis 405 11.3.1 Thermal or Non-thermal Production 405 11.3.2 CP-violatingAsymmetries 407 11.3.3 Boltzmann Equations 413 11.3.4 Baryon Number Asymmetry 420 11.4 Recent Developments in Leptogenesis 423 11.4.1 Triplet Leptogenesis 423 11.4.2 Resonant Leptogenesis 427 11.4.3 Soft Leptogenesis 428 11.4.4 Flavor Effects 430 References 432 Index 436 3642175597,9783642175596 Springer 20011 Front Matter....Pages I-XIV Neutrinos: Past, Present and Future....Pages 1-19 Neutrinos within the Standard Model....Pages 21-59 Neutrinos beyond the Standard Model....Pages 61-124 Seesaw Mechanisms of Neutrino Masses....Pages 125-157 Phenomenology of Neutrino Oscillations....Pages 159-212 Neutrinos from Stars....Pages 213-248 Neutrinos from Supernovae....Pages 249-287 Ultrahigh-energy Cosmic Neutrinos....Pages 289-322 Big Bang Nucleosynthesis and Relic Neutrinos....Pages 323-348 Neutrinos and Cosmological Structures....Pages 349-374 Cosmological Matter-antimatter Asymmetry....Pages 375-419 Back Matter....Pages 421-426