Neurosurgical Review : For Daily Clinical Use and Oral Board Preparation

Robust Abns Exam Prep And Didactic Review Of The Entire Spectrum Of Neurosurgery From A To Z The American Board Of Neurological Surgery Oral Examination Has Undergone Periodic Review And Revision Over The Years, With A New Format Instituted In Spring 2017. This Review Book Is Specifically Geared To The New Format. The Abns Oral Examination Process Is Relevant, Rigorous, And Of Value To The Neurosurgical Specialty And The Public, Ensuring Neurosurgeons Meet The Highest Standards Of Practice. Neurosurgical Review: For Daily Clinical Use And Oral Board Preparation By Vasilios A. Zerris And Distinguished Contributors Is A Multimodal And A Visually Rich Prep Tool For The Abns Exam. The Resource Provides A Unique Approach To Studying And Melding Online Didactic Materials With Audio-enhanced Charts. Readers Can Use The Material As A Complete Online Exam Prep Course With Audio, Or Use The Print Version As A Quick Reference Guide. Key Features Charts And Schematics Provide An Excellent Learning Tool And Study Prep The High Yield And Easy To Memorize Format Helps Readers Visualize Knowledge Audio Files Enhance The Ability To Create A Mental Framework, Thereby Increasing Comprehension And Retention Of Content Cases Presented At The End Of Each Chapter Focus Primarily On Core Material Tested In The General Neurosurgery Abns Exam Session Taken By All Candidates Irrespective Of Their Declared Subspecialty This Is An Essential Textbook For Neurosurgical Residents, Fellows, And Practitioners Prepping For The Abns Boards. It Also Serves As A User-friendly Refresher Of Fundamental Knowledge All Neurosurgeons Need To Know. This Book Includes Complimentary Access To A Digital Copy On Https://medone.thieme.com. Neurosurgical Review: For Daily Clinical Use and Oral Board Preparation MedOne Information Title Page Copyright Dedication Contents Audios Preface Contributors 1 Peripheral Nerves 1.1 Diagnostic Approach for Peripheral Nerve Lesions (Table 1.1) 1.2 Neuropathies 1.2.1 Nerve Pathologies Depending on Number and Location of Nerves Involved (Table 1.2a) 1.2.2 Other Classifications for Polyneuropathies (Table 1.2b) 1.2.3 Causes for Neuropathies (Table 1.2c) 1.2.4 Peripheral Neuropathy Versus Radiculopathy (Tab. 1.2d) 1.3 Peripheral Nerve Injuries 1.3.1 Basics (Table 1.3a) 1.3.2 Regeneration (Table 1.3b) 1.3.3 Mechs of Nerve Injury (Table 1.3c) 1.3.4 Grading of Nerve Injuries (Table 1.3d) 1.3.5 Peripheral Nerve Injury Grading Systems (Table 1.3e) 1.3.6 Management of Peripheral Nerve Injury (Table 1.3f) 1.3.7 Timing of Nerve Exploration and Repair Rule of 3s (Table 1.3g) 1.3.8 Algorithm of Timing of Nerve Surgery2, (Table 1.3h ) 1.3.9 Peripheral Nerve Repair: Surgical Pearls (Table 1.3i) 1.4 Brachial Plexus 1.4.1 Brachial Plexus Injuries (Table 1.4a) 1.4.2 Brachial Plexus Injuries: Trunks (Table 1.4b) 1.4.3 Brachial Plexus Injuries: Cords (Table 1.4c) 1.4.4 Dx of Preganglionic Injury (Nerve Root Avulsion) (Table 1.4d) 1.4.5 Surgical Approach Based on Defining Clinical Level of Lesion (Table 1.4e) 1.4.6 Supraclavicular Approach (Table 1.4f) 1.4.7 Infraclavicular Approach (Table 1.4g) 1.4.8 Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (Table 1.4h) 1.4.9 Parsonage–Turner Syndrome (Table 1.4i) 1.5 Entrapment Neuropathies 1.5.1 Median Nerve ([C5], C6, C7, C8, T1) Sites of Compression (Table 1.5a) 1.5.2 Median Nerve Entrapment Sites: Motor and Sensory Deficits (Table 1.5b) 1.5.3 Clinical Syndromes and Findings: Median Nerve Injury/Compression in Arm (Table 1.5c) 1.5.4 Management for Injury of Median Nerve in Arm (A, B) (Table. 1.5d) 1.5.5 Key Surgical Steps for Median Nerve Exposure in Arm (A, B) (Table 1.5e) 1.5.6 Clinical Syndromes and Findings: Median Nerve Entrapment in FA (Table 1.5f) 1.5.7 Clinical Syndromes and Findings: Median Nerve / AIN Injury/Compression in FA (Table 1.5g) 1.5.8 Management for Entrapment of Median Nerve/AIN at Distal Arm/ Elbow/Proximal FA (C, D) (Table 1.5h) 1.5.9 Key Surgical Steps for Decompression of Median n./AIN at Distal Arm/Elbow/Proximal FA (C, D) (Table 1.5i) 1.5.10 Clinical Syndromes and Findings: Median Nerve Entrapment in Carpal Tunnel (Table 1.5j) 1.5.11 Management for Entrapment of Median Nerve at Carpal Tunnel (E) (Table 1.5k) 1.5.12 Key Surgical Steps for Median Nerve Decompression at the Carpal Tunnel (E) (Table 1.5l) 1.6 Ulnar Nerve 1.6.1 Ulnar Nerve (C7, C8, T1) (Table 1.6a) 1.6.2 Ulnar Nerve Entrapment Sites: Motor and Sensory Deficits (Table 1.6b) 1.6.3 Clinical Syndromes and Findings: Ulnar Nerve Injury/Compression in Arm (Table 1.6c) 1.6.4 Management for Injury of Ulnar Nerve in Arm (A) (Table 1.6d) 1.6.5 Key Surgical Steps for Ulnar Nerve Exposure in Arm (A) (Table 1.6e) 1.6.6 Clinical Syndromes and Findings: Ulnar Nerve Injury/Compression in Elbow (Table 1.6f) 1.6.7 Clinical Syndromes and Findings: Ulnar Nerve Injury/ Compression in FA (Table 1.6g) 1.6.8 Management for Injury of Ulnar Nerve Injury/Compression in Elbow/FA (B, C, D) (Table 1.6h) 1.6.9 Key Surgical Steps for Ulnar Nerve Decompression in Elbow/ FA (B, C, D) (Table 1.6i) 1.6.10 Clinical Syndromes and Findings: Ulnar Nerve Injury/Compression at Guyon’s Tunnel (Table 1.6j) 1.6.11 Management for Ulnar Nerve Compression/Injury at Guyon’s Tunnel (E) (Table 1.6k) 1.6.12 Key Surgical Steps for Ulnar Nerve Decompression in Guyon’s Tunnel (E) (Table 1.6l) 1.7 Radial Nerve 1.7.1 Radial nerve (C5, C6, C7, C8, [T1]) (Table 1.7a) 1.7.2 Radial nerve entrapment sites: motor and sensory deficits (Table 1.7b) 1.7.3 Clinical Syndromes and Findings: Radial Nerve Compression/Injury in Arm (Table 1.7c) 1.7.4 Management for Radial Nerve Injury in Arm 1.7.5 Clinical Syndromes and Findings: Radial Nerve Compression/Injury at Antecubital Fossa/FA (Table 1.7f) 1.7.6 Clinical Syndromes and Findings: Radial Nerve Compression/Injury at FA (Table 1.7g) 1.7.7 Management for Entrapment of Radial Nerve/PIN at Elbow/FA (C, D) (Table 1.7h) 1.7.8 Approaches for radial nerve decompression in radial tunnel syndrome and PIN decompression (C, D) (Table 1.7i) 1.8 Sciatic Nerve (L4, L5, S1, S2, S3) and Tibial Nerve (L4, L5, S1, S2, S3) (Table 1.8a) 1.8.1 Common Peroneal Nerve (L4, L5, S1, S2) (Table 1.8b) 1.8.2 Sciatic Nerve (Table 1.8c) 1.8.3 Sciatic Nerve Entrapment Sites: Motor and Sensory Deficits (Table 1.8d–f) 1.8.4 Clinical Syndromes and Findings: Sciatic Nerve Compression/Injury at Buttock (Table 1.8g) 1.8.5 Clinical Syndromes and Findings: Sciatic Nerve Compression/Injury at Thigh (Table 1.8h) 1.8.6 Management for Compression/Injury of Sciatic Nerve at Buttock/Thigh (A, B) (Table 1.8i) 1.8.7 Key Surgical Steps for Sciatic Nerve Exposure at Buttock (A) (Table 1.8j) 1.8.8 Key Surgical Steps for Sciatic Nerve Exposure at Thigh (B) (Table 1.8k) 1.8.9 Clinical Syndromes and Findings: Common Peroneal n. and Tibial n. Compression/Injury at Knee/Leg (Table 1.8l) 1.8.10 DDx of Foot Drop (Table 1.8m ) 1.8.11 Management for Compression/Injury of CPN at Knee/ Leg (D) (Table 1.8n) 1.8.12 Key Surgical Steps for CPN Exposure at Knee/Leg (D) (Table 1.8o) 1.8.13 Clinical Syndromes and Findings: Compression of Tibial and CPN at Foot (Table 1.8p) 1.8.14 Management for Compression/Injury of Tibial Nerve and its Branches (Table 1.8q) 1.8.15 Key Surgical Steps for Exposure of Tibial Nerve and its Branches at Knee/Leg/Foot Key surgical steps for tibial nerve exposure at popliteal fossa (C) (Table 1.8r) Key surgical steps for tibial nerve exposure at leg (C) (Table 1.8s) Key surgical steps for decompression in tarsal tunnel syndrome (E) (Table 1.8t) 1.9 Meralgia Paresthetica (Table 1.9) 1.10 Postures (Table 1.10) 1.11 Peripheral Nerve Tumors 1.11.1 Classification of Peripheral Nerve Tumors (Table 1.11a) 1.11.2 Peripheral Nerve Tumors (Table 1.11b) 1.11.3 Schwannomas versus Neurofibromas (Table 1.11c) 1.11.4 Management (Table 1.11d) 1.11.5 Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor (MPNST) (Table 1.11e) 1.12 Abbreviations 1.13 Cases 1.13.1 Brachial Plexus Stab Wound Ιmaging 1.13.2 Ulnar Neuropathy 1.13.3 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome References Suggested Readings 2 Spine and Spinal Cord 2.1 Key Myotomes and Dermatomes and Their Main Function (Table 2.1) 2.2 Spine Injuries 2.2.1 Management of Cervical Spine Fractures (Table 2.2a) General Comments on Spine and Spinal Cord Injury (Table 2.2b) Cervical Spine Closed Reduction Protocol (Table 2.2c) How to Clear a Cervical Spine (Table 2.2d ) 2.2.2 Management of Thoracic and Lumbar Spine Fractures (Table 2.3) 2.2.3 Management of Sacral Spine Fractures (Table 2.4) 2.2.4 Penetrating Spine Injuries (Table 2.5) 2.3 Management of Degenerative Cervical Spine Disease (Table 2.6) 2.4 Other Spine or Spinal Cord Conditions (Table 2.7) 2.5 Spinal Infections (Table 2.8) 2.6 Management of Degenerative Thoracic and Lumbar Spine Disease (Table 2.9) 2.7 Spinal Instrumentation Placement (Table 2.10) 2.7.1 Ten Spinal Instrumentation Rescue and Salvage Techniques (Table 2.11 ) 2.8 Pediatric Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Guidelines (Table 2.12) 2.9 Scoliosis (Table 2.13) 2.10 Tumors of Spine and Spinal Cord (Table 2.14) 2.11 Cases 2.11.1 Cervical Spine Fracture with Perched Facet 2.11.2 Lumbar Disc Herniation with Cauda Equina Syndrome 2.11.3 Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy—Central Cord Syndrome 2.11.4 Spinal Epidural Abscess Suggested Readings 3 Vascular Neurosurgery 3.1 Aneurysms 3.1.1 Nonruptured Aneurysms (Table 3.1a) ISUIA (International Study of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms) 3.1.2 Ruptured Aneurysms: Spontaneous Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (Table 3.1d) Location of SAH depending on aneurysm6 (Table 3.1e) SAH grades (Table 3.1f) Glasgow outcome scale9 (Table 3.1g) SAH Grades versus Glasgow outcome scale (Table 3.1h) Rebleed rates (if not treated) (Table 3.1i) Basics for SAH11 (Table 3.1j) 3.1.3 Vascular Spasm Vascular spasm prognosis (Fisher’s grade) (Table 3.1k) Vascular spasm prognosis (Modified Fisher’s grading) (Table 3.1l) Vascular spasm estimation (TCD: Transcranial Doppler) (Table 3.1m) Triple-H therapy (Table 3.1n) 3.1.4 Clipping versus Coiling ISAT (International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial) (Table 3.1o) 3.1.5 Aneurysm Surgery: Recommendations Aneurysm operative details/pearls6, (Table 3.1p) Surgical options for fusiform aneurysms (Table 3.1q) Temporary clipping18 (Table 3.1r ) Intraoperative rupture (Table 3.1s) Intraoperative papaverine for vessel in spasm (Table 3.1t) Paine’s point20 (Table 3.1u) 3.1.6 Aneurysm Surgery: Details per Location Proximal ICA (Paraclinoida) aneurysms (Table 3.1v) PCom/anterior choroidal (Ach; supraclinoid) aneurysms (Table 3.1w) ICA bifurcation aneurysms (Table 3.1x) ACom aneurysms (Table 3.1y) MCA aneurysms (Table 3.1z ) Pericallosal aneurysms (Table 3.1aa) Basilar tip aneurysm (Table 3.1bb) PICA aneurysms (Table 3.1cc) Vertebrobasilar (VB) junction aneurysms (Table 3.1dd) Anteroinferior cerebellar artery (AICA) aneurysms (Table 3.1ee) 3.1.7 Miscellaneous Management of mycotic aneurysms21 (Table 3.1ff) Treatment for IVH24 (Table 3.1gg) 3.2 Intracranial Hemorrhage 3.2.1 Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage (American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Guidelines 2015) (Table 3.2a) 3.2.2 STICH trial (The International Surgical Trial in Intracerebral Hemorrhage) (Table 3.2b) 3.2.3 STICH II28 (Table 3.2c) 3.3 Carotid Disease 3.3.1 Studies 3.3.2 Treatment Options 3.4 Stroke 3.4.1 Stroke Rate (Table 3.4a) 3.4.2 Stroke Syndromes (Table 3.4b) 3.4.3 Vertebral Insufficiency (5Ds) (Table 3.4c) 3.4.4 Ischemic Stroke (American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Guidelines 2013 and Revision 2015, Adapted) (Table 3.4d) NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and Modified NIH Stroke Scale (mNIHSS) (Table 3.4i) ASPECT score38 (Table 3.4j) 3.5 Moyamoya Disease 3.5.1 Moyamoya Disease (Table 3.5a) 3.5.2 Moyamoya Disease: Suzuki Stages in DSA (Table 3.5b) 3.5.3 Management of Moyamoya Disease (Table 3.5c) 3.6 Brain Arteriovenous Malformations 3.6.1 Spetzler–Martin Scale43 (Table 3.6a) 3.6.2 AVM Rupture Rates (Table 3.6b) 3.6.3 Multiple AVMs (Table 3.6c) 3.6.4 ARUBA Trial (A Randomized Trial of Unruptured Brain Arteriovenous Malformations) (Table 3.6d) 3.6.5 Treatment Based on Spetzler–Martin Scale (Table 3.6e) 3.6.6 Timing for Other Treatment Modalities after AVM Embolization (Table 3.6f) 3.6.7 Surgery for AVMs 3.7 Spinal Arteriovenous Malformations 3.7.1 Artery of Adamkiewicz (Arteria Radicularis Anterior Magna) (Table 3.7a) 3.7.2 Spinal AVMs (Table 3.7b) 3.8 Dural Arteriovenous Fistula 3.8.1 Cranial Dural Arteriovenous Fistula (DAVF) (Table 3.8a) 3.8.2 Borden’s Classification45 (Table 3.8b) 3.9 Carotid Cavernous Fistula 3.9.1 Carotid Cavernous Fistula (Table 3.9a) 3.9.2 Treatment of Carotid Cavernous Fistula (Table 3.9b) 3.9.3 Workup for ICA Sacrifice (Table 3.9c) tolerance 3.10 Sinus Thrombosis (Table 3.10a) 3.11 Cerebral Arterial Dissection 3.11.1 Cerebral Arterial Dissection (Table 3.11a) 3.11.2 Treatment of Cerebral Arterial Dissection (Table 3.11b) 3.12 Surgical Tips 3.12.1 Non Critical Sinuses (Table 3.12a) 3.12.2 Eloquent Brain (Table 3.12b) 3.13 Cases 3.13.1 Subarachnoid Hemorrhage with Aneurysm Ιmaging 3.13.2 Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage Ιmaging 3.13.3 Ischemic Stroke References 4 Oncology (Brain) 4.1 Astrocytomas (Table 4.1a) 4.1.1 Other Astrocytic Tumors (Table 4.1b) 4.1.2 Oligodendrogliomas and Oligoastrocytomas (Table 4.1c) Overall better prognosis than astrocytic tumors 4.2 Ependymomas (Table 4.2) 4.3 Brainstem Gliomas (Table 4.3a) 4.3.1 Optic Apparatus/Hypothalamic Gliomas (Table 4.3b) 4.4 Choroid Plexus Tumors (Table 4.4) 4.5 Neuronal and Mixed Neuronal–Glial Tumors (Table 4.5) 4.6 Embryonal Tumors (Table 4.6) 4.7 Vestibular Schwannoma (Table 4.7) 4.8 Meningiomas (Table 4.8) 4.9 Mesenchymal, Non-meningothelial Tumors (Table 4.9) 4.10 Hematologic Tumors (Table 4.10) 4.11 Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (Table 4.11) 4.12 Pineal Tumors (Table 4.12a) 4.12.1 Germ Cell Tumors (Table 4.12b) 4.12.3 Pineal Region Lesion Treatment Algorithm (Table 4.12c) 4.13 Pituitary Adenomas (Table 4.13) 4.14 Craniopharyngioma (Table 4.14) 4.15 Cerebral Metastases (Table 4.15) 4.16 Other Lesions (Table 4.16) 4.17 General Medical Treatment for Brain Tumors (Table 4.17 ) 4.18 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (Table 4.18) 4.19 Differential Diagnosis (Based on Anatomic Location of Lesion) (Table 4.19) 4.20 Various Things to Remember (Table 4.20 ) 4.21 Tumors and Syndromes (Table 4.21) 4.22 Cases 4.22.1 Glioblastoma Ιmaging 4.22.2 Pituitary Apoplexy Ιmaging 4.22.3 Solitary Brain Metastasis References 5 Head Injury and ICU 5.1 Head Injury 5.1.1 Definitions (Table 5.1) 5.1.2 Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) ( Table 5.2) 5.1.3 TBI Classification Based on GCS Score (Table 5.3) 5.1.4 Cerebral Edema (Table 5.4a) High-altitude cerebral edema (Table 5.4b) Concussion2– (Table 5.4c) Second impact syndrome (Table 5. 4d) 5.1.5 Herniation Syndromes (Table 5.5a) Stages of central herniation (Table 5.5b) 5.1.6 Brain Death (Table 5.6) 5.1.7 Cerebral Blood Flow (Table 5.7a) Factors regulating CBF (Table 5.7b) 5.1.8 Intracranial Pressure (Table 5.8a) Management algorithm of increased ICP (Table 5.8b ) 5.1.9 Admission and Discharge Management Algorithm for TBI9 (Table. 5.9) 5.1.10 Monitors Used in Traumatic Brain Injury ICP monitors (Table 5.10a ) CBF monitor (Table 5.10b) Microdialysis probe (Table 5.10c) 5.1.11 ICP Waveforms ( Table 5.11) 5.2 Traumatic Hemorrhagic Brain Injuries 5.2.1 Traumatic Intracerebral Hemorrhage (TICH) TICH (AKA hemorrhagic contusions) (Table 5.12a) Delayed Traumatic Intracerebral Hemorrhage (DTICH) (Table 5.12b) 5.2.2 Epidural Hematomas Acute epidural hematoma (AEDH) (Table 5.13a) Delayed Epidural Hematoma (DEDH) (Table 5.13b) 5.2.3 Subdural Hematomas ASDH (traumatic) (Table 5.14a) Spontaneous SDH11, (Table 5.14b) Chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) (Table 5.14c) Traumatic subdural hygroma (Table 5.14d) SDH appearance on CT depending on elapsed time from injury (Table 5.14e) Posterior fossa mass lesions (including EDH) (Table 5.15) 5.2.4 Surgical Management of Skull Fractures ( Table 5.16) Pneumocephalus (Table 5.17) Gunshot wound to the head (Table 5.18) Nonmissile penetrating injuries (Table 5.19) 5.2.5 TBI Parameters Estimated from CT24 (Table 5.20) 5.2.6 Blunt Cerebrovascular Injuries (BCVI; Traumatic Dissections) (Table 5.21a) 5.2.7 Blunt Cerebrovascular Grading Scale (Denver’s Grading Scale) and Treatment Recommendations25, (Table 5.21b) 5.2.8 Blunt ICA Injury27 (Table 5.21c) 5.2.9 Blunt VA Injury28 (Table 5.21d) 5.2.10 Outcome Scales29 5.3 Pediatric Head Injuries 5.3.1 Guidelines for the Acute Medical Management of Severe TBI in Infants, Children, and Adolescents31 (Table 5.23) 5.3.2 Indications for CT in Children with GCS14– After Head Trauma32 (Table 5.24a) Radiation exposure from CT scans in pediatric patients33– (Table 5.24b) 5.4 Pediatric-Specific Head Injury 5.4.1 Cephalhematoma/Scalp Hematomas11, (Table 5.25a) 5.4.2 Growing Skull Fracture (GSF; Posttraumatic Leptomeningeal Cyst) (Table 5.25b) 5.4.3 Depressed Skull Fractures (Table 5.25c) 5.4.4 Non-accidental Trauma (Table 5.25d) 5.4.5 Infantile Acute SDH (Table 5.25e) 5.4.6 Benign Extra-axial Fluid Collections in Children41 (Table 5.25f) 5.4.7 Symptomatic Chronic Extra-axial Fluid Collections in Children (Table 5.25g) 5.5 Intensive Care Unit 5.5.1 Conditions Requiring ICU Care (Table 5.26) 5.5.2 Intubation Criteria for intubation (Table 5.27a) Intubation checklist (Table 5.27b) Extubation checklist (Table 5.27c) 5.5.3 Sodium, Osmolality and Electrolyte Balance (Table 5.28a) 5.5.4 Treatment of Hyponatremia in SIADH (Table 5.28b) 5.5.5 Antithrombotic Reversal Guidelines for Intracranial Hemorrhage42 (Table 5.29) 5.5.6 Effect of Anesthesia Medications on Central Nervous System6 (Table 5.30) 5.5.7 Medications Commonly used in Neuro-ICU and Anesthesia Sedatives and analgesics (Table 5.31a) Medications to treat hypertension (Table 5.31b) Neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs) (Table 5.31c) Medications for blood pressure regulation in ICU setting (Table 5.31d) Other medications (Table 5.31e) 5.6 Cases 5.6.1 Severe Head Injury with Diffuse Axonal Injury Ιmaging 5.6.2 Acute Subdural Hematoma Ιmaging 5.6.3 Blunt Cerebrovascular Injury References 6 Pediatric Neurosurgery 6.1 Craniosynostosis (Table 6.1) 6.2 Encephalocele (Table 6.2) 6.3 Chiari Malformations (Table 6.3) 6.4 Dandy–Walker Malformation (Table 6.4) 6.5 Vein of Galen Malformation (Table 6.5) 6.6 Spinal Defects (Table 6.6) 6.7 Tethered Cord (Table 6.7) 6.8 Closed Defects (Table 6.8a) 6.8.1 Split Cord Malformation26,27 (Table 6.8b) 6.8.2 Dermal Sinus Tract or Dimple (Table 6.8c) 6.8.3 Lipomyelomeningocele (Table 6.8d) 6.9 Spinal Defects 6.9.1 Open Spinal Defects (Table 6.9a) 6.9.2 Retethered Old Myelomeningocele (Table 6.9b) 6.10 Pediatric Skull Fractures (Table 6.10 ) 6.11 Intracranial Hemorrhage in Neonates (Table 6.11) 6.12 Treatment of Posthemorrhagic Hydrocephalus in Newborns (Table 6.12 ) 6.13 Cases 6.13.1 Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage in Premature Infant 6.13.2 Pediatric Skull Fracture with Epidural Hematoma 6.13.3 Open Myelomeningocele References Suggested Readings 7.1 Pain 7.1.1 Neuralgia (Table 7.1a) 7.1.2 Motor Cortex Stimulation (Table 7.1b)w 7.1.3 Dorsal Root Entry Zone Lesioning Procedure (Table 7.1c) 7.1.4 Sympathectomy (Table 7.1d) 7.1.5 Treatment Strategies for Various Pain Conditions (Table 7.1e) 7.2 Movement Disorders 7.2.1 Parkinson’s Disease (Table 7.2a) 7.2.2 Hemifacial Spasm (Table 7.2b) 7.2.3 Spasticity (Table 7.2c) 7.2.4 Torticollis (Table 7.2d) 7.3 Epilepsy 7.3.1 Epilepsy (Table 7.3) 7.4 Various 7.4.1 Deep Brain Stimulation (Table 7.4a) 7.4.2 Spinal Cord and Stimulation (Table 7.4b) 7.4.3 Intrathecal Pain Pump Therapy (Table 7.4c) 7.5 Cases 7.5.1 Trigeminal Neuralgia 7.5.2 Baclofen Withdrawal Suggested Readings 8 Other Diseases 8.1 Hydrocephalus (Table 8.1) 8.2 Ventricular Catheter Placement Tips (Table 8.2) 8.3 Intracranial Hypotension and Hypertension (Table 8.3 ) 8.4 Arachnoid Cyst (Table 8.4 ) 8.5 Central Nervous System Infections (Table 8.5) 8.6 Cases 8.6.1 Normal pressure hydrocephalus 8.6.2 Cerebral abscess Sellar Region and Cavernous Sinus: Superior View ( Fig. 9.1) 9 Anatomy Unknown Posterior View of Brainstem and Floor of Fourth Ventricle ( Fig. 9.2) Annulus of Zinn, Cavernous Sinus, and Middle Fossa: Lateral View ( Fig. 9.3) Cavernous Sinus and Middle Fossa: Lateral View ( Fig. 9.4) Frontal Horn and Body of Lateral Ventricle and Third Ventricle: Sagittal Section ( Fig. 9.5) Lateral Ventricles: Superior View ( Fig. 9.6) Transsphenoidal Approach to the Sellar Region ( Fig. 9.7) Suprasellar Area: Anterior View ( Fig. 9.8) Atlas (C1): Superior View ( Fig. 9.9) C4 Vertebra: Superior View ( Fig. 9.10) Cervical Spine: Posterior View ( Fig. 9.11) Thoracic Spine and Costovertebral Joints: Posterior View ( Fig. 9.12) Thoracic Spine: Left Lateral View ( Fig. 9.13) Lumbar Spine: Right Oblique View ( Fig. 9.14) Lumbar Spine: Posterior View ( Fig. 9.15) Sacrum: Posterior View ( Fig. 9.16) Lumbosacral Spine: Left Lateral View ( Fig. 9.17) References 10 Surgical Procedures 10.1 Pterional (Frontotemporal Craniotomy) 10.1.1 Basic Information (Table 10.1a) 10.1.2 Key Procedural Steps (Table 10.1b) 10.1.3 Pearls for Each Procedural Step (Table 10.1c) 10.1.4 Complications: Avoidance + Mx (Table 10.1d) 10.2 Pterional with Orbitozygomatic Osteotomy 10.2.1 Basic Information (Table 10.2a) 10.2.2 Key Procedural Steps (Table 10.2b) 10.2.3 Orbitozygomatic Osteotomy Cuts (.Fig. 10.1) 10.2.4 Pearls for Each Procedural Step (Table 10.2c) 10.2.5 Complications: Avoidance + Mx (Table 10.2d) 10.3 Transcallosal Approach 10.3.1 Basic Information (Table 10.3a) 10.3.2 Key Procedural Steps (Table 10.3b) 10.3.3 Approaches into Third Ventricle (Table 10.3c) 10.3.4 Pearls for Each Procedural Step (Table 10.3d) 10.3.5 Complications: Avoidance +Mx (Table 10.3e) 10.3.6 Approaches to Ventricles6 (Table 10.3f) 10.4 Bifrontal Craniotomy With Supraorbital Bar Removal 10.4.1 Basic Information (Table 10.4a) 10.4.2 Key Procedural Steps (Table 10.4b) 10.4.3 Biorbitonasal Osteotomy Cuts (.Fig. 10.2) 10.4.4 Pearls for Each Procedural Step (Table 10.4c) 10.4.5 Complications: Avoidance + Mx (Table 10.4d) 10.5 Subtemporal Approach 10.5.1 Basic Information (Table 10.5a) 10.5.2 Key Procedural Steps (Table 10.5b) 10.5.3 Pearls for Each Procedural Step (Table 10.5c) 10.5.4 Complications: Avoidance + Mx (Table 10.5d) 10.6 Midline Suboccipital Craniotomy 10.6.1 Basic Information (Table 10.6a) 10.6.2 Key Procedural Steps (Table 10.6b) 10.6.3 Pearls for Each Procedural Step (Table 10.6c) 10.6.4 Complications: Avoidance + Mx (Table 10.6d) 10.7 Retrosigmoid Craniotomy 10.7.1 Basic Information (Table 10.7a) 10.7.2 Key Procedural Steps (Table 10.7b) 10.7.3 Pearls for Each Procedural Step (Table 10.7c) 10.7.4 Complications: Avoidance + Mx (Table 10.7d) 10.8 Transnasal Transsphenoidal Approach 10.8.1 Basic Information (Table 10.8a) 10.8.2 Key Procedural Steps (Table 10.8b) 10.8.3 Pearls for Each Procedural Step (Table 10.8c) 10.8.4 Complications: Avoidance + Mx (Table 10.8d) 10.9 Unilateral Decompressive Hemicraniectomy 10.9.1 Basic Information (Table 10.9a) 10.9.2 Key Procedural Steps (Table 10.9b) 10.9.3 Pearls for Each Procedural Step (Table 10.9c) 10.9.4 Complications: Avoidance + Mx (Table 10.9d) 10.10 Far Lateral Suboccipital Approach 10.10.1 Basic Information (Table 10.10a) 10.10.2 Key Procedural Steps (Table 10.10b) 10.10.3 Pearls for Each Procedural Step (Table 10.10c) 10.10.4 Complications: Avoidance + Mx (Table 10.10d) 10.11 Anterior Cervical Diskectomy and Fusion 10.11.1 Basic Information (Table 10.11a) 10.11.2 Key Procedural Steps (Table 10.11b) 10.11.3 Pearls for Each Procedural Step (Table 10.11c) 10.11.4 Complications: Avoidance + Mx (Table 10.11d) 10.12 Lumbar Microdiskectomy 10.21.1 Basic Information (Table 10.12a) 10.12.2 Key Procedural Steps (Table 10.12b) 10.12.3 Pearls for Each Procedural Step (Table 10.12c) 10.12.4 Complications: Avoidance + Mx (Table 10.12d) 10.13 Lumbar Laminectomy 10.13.1 Basic Information (Table 10.13a) 10.13.2 Key Procedural Steps (Table 10.13b) 10.13.3 Pearls for Each Procedural Step (Table 10.13c) 10.13.4 Complications: Avoidance + Mx (Table 10.13d) References Suggested Reading 11 Surgical Complications 11.1 Complications After Cranial Procedures 11.2 Spine Surgery 11.3 Other Complications 11.3.1 Baclofen, Opioid, and Ziconotide (Prialt) Withdrawal and Overdose (Related to Intrathecal Pumps) (Table 11.3d) 12 Neurology for Neurosurgeons 12.1 Electromyography and Nerve Conduction Studies (Nerve Conduction Velocity) (Table 12.1) 12.2 Weakness (Table 12.2 ) 12.3 Parkinson’s Disease and Parkinson Plus Syndromes (Table 12.3) 12.4 Side Effects of Antipsychotics (Table 12.4) 12.5 Various Movement Disorders (Table 12.5) 12.6 Dorsal Colum sfunction (Table 12.6) 12.7 Dementia (Table 12.7) 12.8 Multiple Sclerosis and Other Demyelinating Disorders (Table 12.8) 12.9 Vasculitis (Tabe 12.9) 12.10 Diseases Associated with Stroke (Table 12.10) 12.11 Anterior Circulation Vascular Occlusion (Table 12.11) 12.12 Brainstem Syndromes (Table 12.12) 12.13 Migraine (Table 12.13) 12.14 Other Headache Syndromes (Table 12.14) 12.15 Other Cranial Nerves Issues (Table 12.15a) 12.16 Seizures (Table 12.16a) 12.17 CSF Pathognomonic Findings in Disease (Table 12.17a ) 12.18 Genetic Disorders (Table 12.18) 12.19 Various (Table 12.19) 12.20 Case References A Index

Robust ABNS exam prep and didactic review of the entire spectrum of neurosurgery from A to Z

The American Board of Neurological Surgery oral examination has undergone periodic review and revision over the years, with a new format instituted in spring 2017. This review book is specifically geared to the new format. The ABNS oral examination process is relevant, rigorous, and of value to the neurosurgical specialty and the public, ensuring neurosurgeons meet the highest standards of practice.

Neurosurgical Review: For Daily Clinical Use and Oral Board Preparation by Vasilios A. Zerris and distinguished contributors is a multimodal and a visually rich prep tool for the ABNS exam. The resource provides a unique approach to studying and melding online didactic materials with audio-enhanced charts. Readers can use the material as a complete online exam prep course with audio, or use the print version as a quick reference guide.

Key Features

• Charts and schematics provide an excellent learning tool and study prep
• The high yield and easy to memorize format helps readers "visualize" knowledge
• Audio files enhance the ability to create a mental framework, thereby increasing comprehension and retention of content
• Cases presented at the end of each chapter focus primarily on core material tested in the general neurosurgery ABNS exam session taken by all candidates irrespective of their declared subspecialty

This is an essential textbook for neurosurgical residents, fellows, and practitioners prepping for the ABNS boards. It also serves as a user-friendly refresher of fundamental knowledge all neurosurgeons need to know.