Neuronal oscillations of wakefulness and sleep : windows on spontaneous activity of the brain

The purpose of this work is to review recent findings highlighting the mechanisms and functions of the neuronal oscillations that structure brain activity across the sleep-wake cycle. An increasing number of studies conducted in humans and animals, and using a variety of techniques ranging from intracellular recording to functional neuroimaging, has provided important insight into the mechanisms and functional properties of these brain rhythms. Studies of these rhythms are fundamental not only for basic neuroscience, but also for clinical neuroscience. At the basic science level, neuronal oscillations shape the interactions between different areas of the brain and profoundly impact neural responses to the environment, thereby mediating the processing of information in the brain. At the clinical level, brain oscillations are affected in numerous neurological conditions and might provide useful biomarkers that inform about patients’ evolution and vulnerability. During sleep, these brain rhythms could provide functional support to internal states that govern the basic maintenance of local circuit and systemic interactions. During wake, the rhythmicity of cortical and subcortical circuits have been linked with sensory processing, cognitive operations, and preparation for action. This book will attempt to link together these sleep and wake functional roles at the level of neuroimaging and electroencephalographic measures, local field potentials, and even at the cellular level. ​ Foreword 5 Introduction 9 Abbreviations 12 Contents 15 Contributors 17 Part I: Wakefulness 20 Chapter 1: Exploring Oscillations in Expert Sensorimotor Anticipation: The Tennis Return of Serve 21 Introduction: The Setup and the Return of Milos’ Serve by Roger’s Brain 21 The Task at Hand: Which Regions of the Brain Are Involved, a Serial or Recurrent Model? 26 Perceiving the Incoming Serve: Faster Oscillations—Gamma 29 Areas for Visual Processing 29 Visual Oscillatory Mechanisms 30 Areas for Somatosensory Processing 31 Somatosensory Oscillatory Mechanisms 31 Deciding and Producing the Return of Serve: Beta and Alpha Oscillations 32 Cerebral Cortex 32 Oscillatory Mechanisms in the Cerebral Cortex 33 Subcortical Areas: Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum 33 Oscillatory Mechanisms: Cerebellum 34 Oscillatory Mechanisms: Basal Ganglia 35 Not a Serial Model: Interactions Through Sensorimotor Synchronous Oscillating Circuits 36 Different Frequencies, Different Roles for the Oscillations: Becoming More Predictive 40 Frequency Specificity 42 Driving Neuronal Response Across the Cortical Modules 42 Timing of and Multiplexing of Neural Activity 44 Brain Neural Synchrony in the Return of Serve 46 Complementing with a Network View 47 Back to Function, and Back to the Match! 49 Conclusion 50 References 51 Chapter 2: Theta Rhythm in Hippocampus and Cognition 63 Introduction 63 Anatomy of the Hippocampal Formation and Theta Oscillators 64 Hippocampus Cell Properties in Relation to Theta Rhythm 67 Theta Rhythm Generation in the Hippocampus 68 The MS Pacemaker Hypothesis 69 Intra-hippocampal Theta Generation 70 Theta Rhythm as a Cell Assembly Binding Mechanism 72 Cell Assembly Binding Within the Hippocampus 72 Cell Assembly Binding Across Brain Regions 74 Conclusion 77 References 77 Chapter 3: Oscillations and Synchrony in Attention 89 Introduction 89 Mechanisms of Attention 89 Models of Attention 90 Attention and Brain Rhythms 93 Oscillations and Selection of Relevant Information 94 Communication Through Coherence (CTC) 94 Low-Frequency Phase Reset 96 Oscillations and Suppression of Irrelevant Information 98 Suppression of Spatial Location 99 Suppression of Object Features 101 Suppression Across Sensory Modalities 101 Oscillations and the Dynamics of Attention 102 Stimulus Anticipation and Temporal Regularities 103 Active Sensing 104 Discrete Perception and the “Blinking Spotlight” of Attention 105 Integrating Models of Oscillations and Attention 106 Cross-Frequency Coupling 106 Hierarchical Normalization and Oscillation Model of Attention 107 Conclusion 108 References 109 Chapter 4: Pathological High-Frequency Oscillations in Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy 116 Introduction 116 Ripples (80–200 Hz) 117 Cellular Mechanisms 117 Epileptogenesis 119 Ictogenesis 121 Fast Ripples (250–500 Hz) 123 Cellular Mechanisms 123 Epileptogenesis 124 Ictogenesis 126 Conclusion 128 References 129 Part II: Sleep 134 Chapter 5: Cellular Mechanisms of Thalamocortical Oscillations in the Sleeping Brain 135 Architecture of the Thalamocortical Network 135 A Description of Intrinsic Firing Patterns and Underlying Currents in Thalamocortical System 138 Thalamocortical Neurons 138 Reticular Thalamic and Zona Inserta Neurons 140 Neocortical Neurons 141 Oscillations Generated Within the Thalamocortical System and Their Underlying Mechanisms 142 Slow Oscillation (