Neuroimaging : anatomy meets function

This book combines classic MR anatomy with current understanding of human brain function. Recent advances in neuroscience have highlighted the importance of correlating brain anatomy with underlying brain function, since the brain contains a highly sophisticated organization of anatomical and functional relationships that are not readily “visible” with standard imaging. The use of magnetic resonance imaging is rapidly increasing in the field of neuroscience, and remains at the forefront for offering insights into the normal and pathologic structure and function of the human brain. The relatively recent concepts of structural and functional connectivity make it even more important to visualize the brain as a whole rather than looking at its individual parts. This holistic approach is vital in understanding concepts such as neuroplasticity that are currently incorporated into physical and cognitive rehabilitation programs for patients with stroke or neurodegenerative diseases. Ultimately this combined approach may reduce both overdiagnosis and misdiagnosis when integrated into routine clinical routine. This book will be of interest to neuroradiologists, general radiologists and neurologists alike, as well as medical students, residents and fellows. Foreword by Anne G. Osborn Foreword by E. Turgut Tali Preface by Nivedita Agarwal Preface by John D. Port Introduction Contents List of Authors Part I: Cerebrum 1: Structural Anatomy References 2: White Matter Anatomy References 3: Supratentorial Vascular Anatomy 3.1 Major Supratentorial Arteries 3.1.1 Internal Carotid Artery 3.1.1.1 Anterior Choroidal Artery (AChoA) 3.1.1.2 Internal Carotid Artery Pathology 3.1.2 Anterior Cerebral Artery 3.1.2.1 Cortical Territory 3.1.2.2 Deep Territory of A1 3.1.2.3 Anterior Cerebral Artery Pathology 3.1.3 Middle Cerebral Artery 3.1.3.1 Cortical Territory 3.1.3.2 Deep Territory 3.1.3.3 Middle Cerebral Artery Pathology 3.1.4 Posterior Cerebral Artery 3.1.4.1 Cortical Territory 3.1.4.2 Deep Territory 3.1.4.3 Posterior Cerebral Artery Pathology 3.1.5 Deep Gray Matter 3.2 Major Supratentorial Veins 3.2.1 Tributaries of the Lateral Ventricular Veins 3.2.2 Tributaries of the Medial Ventricular Veins 3.2.3 Tributaries of the Anterior Segment of the Basal Vein 3.2.4 Tributaries of the Middle Segment of the Basal Vein 3.2.5 Tributaries of the Posterior Segment of the Basal Vein 3.2.6 Supratentorial Venous Pathology References 4: Detailed Anatomy at 7T References 5: Functional Anatomy of the Major Lobes 5.1 Frontal Lobe 5.1.1 Motor Functions 5.1.1.1 Primary Motor Cortex (BA #4) 5.1.1.2 Premotor Cortex or Secondary Motor Area (BA #6; Parts of Area #8, 44, 45) 5.1.1.3 Supplementary Motor Area (SMA) (BA#6) 5.1.2 Motor Function Pathology 5.1.3 Cognitive Functions 5.1.3.1 Prefrontal Cortex (BA #9, 10, 11, 12, 32, 46 and Parts of 44 and 45) 5.1.4 Cognitive Function Pathology 5.2 Temporal Lobe 5.2.1 Auditory Functions 5.2.1.1 Superior Temporal Gyrus (BA #41, 42) 5.2.2 Auditory Function Pathology 5.2.3 Speech Functions 5.2.3.1 Superior Temporal Gyrus (BA #22, Parts of BA #39, 40) 5.2.4 Speech Function Pathology 5.2.5 Higher-Level Associative Functions 5.2.5.1 Middle Temporal Gyrus (BA #21) 5.2.5.2 Inferior Temporal Gyrus (BA #20, 37) 5.2.5.3 Fusiform Gyrus (BA #37) 5.2.5.4 Temporal Pole (BA #38) 5.2.6 Higher-Level Associative Function Pathology 5.2.7 Memory and Emotion Functions 5.2.8 Memory and Emotion Function Pathology 5.3 The Parietal Lobe 5.3.1 Sensory Functions 5.3.1.1 Postcentral Gyrus (BA #1, 2, 3) 5.3.2 Sensory Function Pathology 5.3.3 Association/Integration Functions 5.3.4 Association/Integration Function Pathology 5.3.5 Speech and Cognitive Functions 5.3.6 Speech and Cognitive Function Pathology 5.3.7 Motor Functions and Motor Function Pathology 5.4 Occipital Lobe 5.4.1 Primary Visual Cortex (BA #17) 5.4.2 Associative Visual Cortex (BA #18, 19) 5.4.3 Occipital Lobe Pathology 5.5 Basal Ganglia 5.5.1 Basal Ganglia Connections 5.5.2 Functions of the Basal Ganglia 5.5.3 Pathology Resulting from Basal Ganglia Lesions 5.6 Thalamus 5.6.1 Functions of the Thalamic Nuclei 5.6.2 Pathology Involving the Thalamic Nuclei References Frontal Lobe References Temporal Lobe References Parietal Lobe References Occipital Lobe References Basala Ganglia References Thalamus References General References 6: Functional Anatomy of the Major Tracts 6.1 Association Tracts 6.1.1 Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus (SLF) (Figs. 2.1, 2.2, 2.9–2.11, and 2.14) 6.1.2 Inferior Longitudinal Fasciculus (ILF) (Figs. 2.5, 2.9, and 2.10) 6.1.3 Middle Longitudinal Fasciculus (MdLF) 6.1.4 Superior Fronto-Occipital Fasciculus (SFOF) (Fig. 2.3) 6.1.5 Inferior Fronto-Occipital Fasciculus (IFOF) (Figs. 2.5, 2.8–2.11, and 2.14) 6.1.6 Uncinate Fasciculus (UF) (Fig. 2.14) 6.1.7 Cingulum (Figs. 2.1–2.3, 2.6–2.11, and 2.13) 6.1.8 External (ExC) and Extreme (EC) Capsules (Figs. 2.4, 2.8, and 2.9) 6.2 Projection Tracts 6.2.1 Internal Capsule (IC) (Figs. 2.4, 2.8, and 2.9) 6.2.1.1 Anterior Limb (ALIC) 6.2.1.2 Genu 6.2.1.3 Posterior Limb (PLIC) 6.2.1.4 Optic Radiation (Retrolenticular Division) 6.2.1.5 Acoustic Radiation (Sublenticular Division) 6.2.2 Fornix (Figs. 2.9 and 2.12) 6.3 Commissural Tracts 6.3.1 Corpus Callosum (CC) (Figs. 2.2–2.4 and 2.7–2.12) 6.3.2 Anterior Commissure (AC) (Figs. 2.5 and 2.12) 6.3.3 Posterior Commissure (PC) 6.3.4 Hippocampal Commissure (HC) 6.3.5 Habenular Commissure References Part II: Cerebellum and Brainstem 7: Structural Anatomy 7.1 Cerebellum Overview 7.2 Brainstem Overview References 8: White Matter Anatomy References 9: Infratentorial Vascular Anatomy 9.1 Major Infratentorial Arteries 9.1.1 Brainstem 9.1.2 Cerebellum 9.1.3 Infratentorial Artery Pathology 9.2 Major Infratentorial Veins 9.2.1 Superficial Veins of the Posterior Cranial Fossa 9.2.1.1 Cerebellar Tentorial Surface Territory 9.2.1.2 Cerebellar Suboccipital Surface Territory 9.2.1.3 Cerebellar Petrous Surface Territory 9.2.2 Deep Vein Territory of the Posterior Cerebral Fossa 9.2.2.1 Cerebellar Deep Drainage 9.2.2.2 Brainstem Deep Drainage References 10: Detailed Anatomy at 7T Reference 11: Functional Anatomy of the Cerebellum and Brainstem 11.1 Cerebellum 11.1.1 Motor Functions 11.1.2 Non-motor Functions 11.1.3 Functional subdivisions 11.1.4 Cerebellar Pathology 11.2 Brainstem 11.2.1 Midbrain Function 11.2.2 Midbrain Pathology 11.2.3 Pons Function 11.2.4 Pons Pathology 11.2.5 Medulla Function 11.2.6 Medulla Pathology 11.3 White Matter Tracts Spanning the Brainstem References Part III: Cranial Nerves 12: Cranial Nerve I: Olfactory 12.1 Anatomy 12.2 Function 12.3 Pathology 12.3.1 Syndromes References 13: Cranial Nerve II: Optic 13.1 Anatomy 13.2 Function 13.3 Pathology References 14: Cranial Nerve III: Oculomotor 14.1 Anatomy 14.1.1 Nuclei 14.1.2 Branches 14.2 Function 14.3 Pathology 14.3.1 Syndromes References 15: Cranial Nerve IV: Trochlear 15.1 Anatomy 15.2 Function 15.3 Pathology 15.3.1 Syndromes References 16: Cranial Nerve V: Trigeminal 16.1 Anatomy 16.1.1 Nuclei 16.1.2 Branches 16.2 Function 16.3 Pathology 16.3.1 Syndromes References 17: Cranial Nerve VI: Abducens 17.1 Anatomy 17.2 Function 17.3 Pathology 17.3.1 Syndromes References 18: Cranial Nerve VII: Facial 18.1 Anatomy 18.1.1 Nuclei 18.1.2 Facial Nerve Segments 18.1.3 Branches 18.2 Function 18.3 Pathology 18.3.1 Syndromes References 19: Cranial Nerve VIII: Vestibulocochlear 19.1 Anatomy 19.1.1 Nuclei 19.1.2 Branches 19.2 Function 19.3 Pathology 19.3.1 Syndromes References 20: Cranial Nerve IX: Glossopharyngeal 20.1 Anatomy 20.1.1 Nuclei 20.1.2 Branches 20.2 Function 20.3 Pathology 20.3.1 Syndromes References 21: Cranial Nerve X: Vagus 21.1 Anatomy 21.1.1 Nuclei 21.1.2 Branches 21.2 Function 21.3 Pathology 21.3.1 Syndromes References 22: Cranial Nerve XI: Spinal Accessory 22.1 Anatomy 22.1.1 Branches 22.2 Function 22.3 Pathology 22.3.1 Syndromes References 23: Cranial Nerve XII: Hypoglossal 23.1 Anatomy 23.1.1 Branches 23.2 Function 23.3 Pathology 23.3.1 Syndromes References Part IV: Surgical and Endoscopic Illustrative Anatomy 24: Sellar Region 24.1 Normal Anatomy 24.2 Major Clinical Symptoms 24.3 Indications for Surgery 24.4 Objectives of the Surgery 24.5 Surgical Approach(es) References 25: Pineal Region 25.1 Normal Anatomy 25.2 Major Clinical Symptoms 25.3 Indications for Surgery 25.4 Objectives of the Surgery 25.5 Surgical Approach(es) References 26: Cerebellopontine Angle 26.1 Normal Anatomy 26.2 Major Clinical Symptoms 26.3 Indications for Surgery 26.4 Objectives of the Surgery 26.5 Surgical Approach(es) References 27: Hydrocephalus 27.1 Normal Anatomy 27.2 Major Clinical Symptoms 27.3 Indications for Surgery 27.4 Objectives of the Surgery 27.5 Surgical Approach(es) References 28: Orbit 28.1 Normal Anatomy 28.2 Major Clinical Symptoms 28.3 Indications for Surgery 28.4 Objectives of the Surgery 28.5 Surgical Approach(es) References 29: Vascular Surgery 29.1 Normal Anatomy 29.2 Major Clinical Symptoms 29.3 Indications for Surgery 29.4 Objectives of the Surgery 29.5 Surgical Approach(es) References Index This book combines classic MR anatomy with current understanding of human brain function. Recent advances in neuroscience have highlighted the importance of correlating brain anatomy with underlying brain function, since the brain contains a highly sophisticated organization of anatomical and functional relationships that are not readily zvisibley with standard imaging. The use of magnetic resonance imaging is rapidly increasing in the field of neuroscience, and remains at the forefront for offering insights into the normal and pathologic structure and function of the human brain. The relatively recent concepts of structural and functional connectivity make it even more important to visualize the brain as a whole rather than looking at its individual parts. This holistic approach is vital in understanding concepts such as neuroplasticity that are currently incorporated into physical and cognitive rehabilitation programs for patients with stroke or neurodegenerative diseases. Ultimately this combined approach may reduce both overdiagnosis and misdiagnosis when integrated into routine clinical routine. This book will be of interest to neuroradiologists, general radiologists and neurologists alike, as well as medical students, residents and fellows