Neurocognitive Mechanisms of Attention : Computational Models, Physiology, and Disease States

Neurocognitive Mechanisms of Attention: Computational Models, Physiology, and Disease States describes the brain mechanisms underlying the attention control system, how those mechanisms are examined, how they operate in different disease states, and methods for improving them. Conceptual models of attention further explore their functional operation. Coverage includes the different types of attention, processing paths, brain anatomy, and attention's role in memory and movement. Factors affecting attention are explored including nutrition, exercise, and genetics. Neurocognitive disorders impacting attention are discussed including autism, ADHD, OCD, depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease. Assessment methods and treatments are uniquely set against the backdrop of current conceptual, computational, and oscillatory-based models to encourage researchers to pursue continued development of new diagnostic and therapeutic tools. Examines brain mechanisms underlying different types of attention Explores how nutrition, exercise, genetics and more impact attention Identifies impact on attention of neurocognitive diseases and disorders Includes therapeutic advances to improve attention Provides computational models via companion website Neurocognitive Mechanisms of Attention Copyright Preface Introduction 1 . Different types of attention 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Processing path 1.2.1 Bottom-up attention 1.2.2 Top-down attention 1.3 Clinical models 1.3.1 Selective attention 1.3.2 Transient attention 1.3.3 Sustained attention 1.3.4 Focused attention 1.3.5 Alternating attention 1.3.6 Divided attention 1.4 Stimulus types 1.4.1 Visual attention 1.4.2 Auditory attention 1.4.3 Tactile attention 1.4.4 Olfactory attention 1.4.5 Gustatory attention 1.5 Appearance 1.5.1 Overt attention 1.5.2 Covert attention 1.6 Emotional attention 1.7 Joint attention 1.8 Inattentional blindness and deafness 1.9 Spatial attention and spatial bias 1.10 Attention span 1.11 Attention and distraction 1.12 Attention versus consciousness and awareness 1.13 Attentional blink 1.14 Summary References 2 . Anatomy and physiology of attention 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Functional anatomy of attention 2.2.1 Default mode network 2.2.2 Frontoparietal control network 2.2.3 Salience network 2.2.4 Alerting, orienting, and executive control networks 2.2.5 Anterior and posterior attention systems 2.2.6 Dorsal and ventral attention networks 2.2.7 Frontostriatal circuits/corticothalamus pathway 2.3 Role of neurotransmitters 2.3.1 Dopamine 2.3.2 Glutamate 2.3.3 Noradrenaline (norepinephrine) 2.3.4 Gamma-aminobutyric acid 2.3.5 Acetylcholine 2.3.6 Serotonin 2.3.7 Interaction between neurotransmitters 2.4 Electrophysiology of attention: rhythmic behavior of the neural system 2.5 Electrophysiology of attention: event-related/evoked potentials 2.6 Summary References 3 . Attention in memory 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Selective attention and memory 3.3 Divided attention and memory 3.4 Perceptual and reflective attention and memory 3.5 Spatial attention and memory 3.6 Summary References 4 . Attention in movement 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Motor control terminology 4.3 Attention and motor control 4.3.1 Premotor theory of attention 4.3.2 Attention to action 4.3.3 An internal and external focus of attention to the movement 4.3.4 Attention and motor planning 4.3.5 Attention and dual-tasks 4.3.6 Attention and balance control 4.3.7 Level of attention and motor performance 4.4 Attention and eye movements 4.5 Attention and driving 4.6 Summary References 5 . Factors that affect function of the attention control system 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Genetic factors 5.3 Nutrition 5.4 Contaminating materials 5.5 Exercise 5.6 Summary References 6 . Neurocognitive diseases and disorders 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 6.3 Autism 6.4 Alzheimer 6.5 Parkinson 6.6 Obsessive-compulsive disorder 6.7 Anxiety 6.8 Depression 6.9 Schizophrenia 6.10 Summary References 7 . Assessment methods 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Subjective methods 7.2.1 Mindfulness scales 7.2.1.1 Mindful attention awareness scale 7.2.1.2 Toronto mindfulness scale 7.2.1.3 Kentucky inventory of mindfulness scale 7.2.1.4 Freiburg mindfulness inventory 7.2.1.5 Cognitive and affective mindfulness scale-revised 7.2.1.6 State mindfulness scale 7.2.2 Moss attention rating scale 7.2.3 Brown executive function/attention scales 7.2.4 Brown attention-deficit disorder scales 7.3 Objective methods 7.3.1 Behavioral assessments 7.3.1.1 Continuous performance tests 7.3.1.1.1 Conners CPT 7.3.1.1.2 Integrated visual and auditory 7.3.1.1.3 Test of variables of attention 7.3.1.2 Go/No-Go tasks 7.3.1.3 Sustained attention to response task 7.3.1.4 Stroop tests 7.3.1.5 Eriksen flanker task 7.3.1.6 Paced auditory serial addition test 7.3.1.7 Attention network test 7.3.1.8 Test of everyday attention 7.3.1.9 Line bisection test and target cancellation task 7.3.2 Neurophysiological assessments 7.3.2.1 Eye movements 7.3.2.2 Pupil diameter 7.3.2.3 Heart rate 7.3.2.4 EEG features 7.4 Summary References 8 . Therapeutic methods 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Medicinal therapies 8.3 Electrical and magnetic stimulation 8.4 Neurocognitive rehabilitation method 8.4.1 Behavioral rehabilitation methods with no explicit feedback 8.4.1.1 Noncomputerized methods 8.4.1.1.1 Counting a character 8.4.1.1.2 Stroop task 8.4.1.1.3 Run in sequence 8.4.1.1.4 Name in order 8.4.1.1.5 Count backward 8.4.1.1.6 Difference and change detection 8.4.1.2 Computerized methods 8.4.2 Biofeedback rehabilitation methods 8.5 Other alternative method 8.5.1 Meditation 8.5.2 Physical exercises 8.5.3 Attention restoration theory 8.5.4 Light therapy 8.5.5 Smooth pursuit eye movement training 8.5.6 Acupuncture 8.6 A comparison between the behavioral and neurophysiological effects of different therapeutic methods 8.7 Summary References 9 . Conceptual models 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Filter model: early and late selection models of attention 9.3 Capacity models of attention 9.4 Spotlight model 9.5 Zoom-lens version of spotlight model 9.6 Divided attention spotlight model 9.7 Feature integration theory 9.8 Biased competition model 9.9 The two-stage model of attention 9.10 Summary References 10 . Computational models 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Theory of visual attention 10.3 Saliency-based models 10.4 CODAM1 10.5 Reinforcement-learning models 10.6 Bayesian models 10.7 Symbolic models 10.8 Leabra2 model 10.9 Neuronal models 10.10 Oscillatory based models 10.11 Summary References 11 . An oscillatory-based model 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Overall block diagram and functional basis of the proposed model 11.2.1 Van der Pol oscillator 11.2.2 The model input (sensory information) 11.2.3 Synchronization 11.2.4 Predefined constraints of model design 11.3 Bottom-up processing resources 11.3.1 Modeling procedure 11.3.2 Simulation and experiment results 11.4 Short-term memory 11.4.1 Modeling procedure 11.4.2 Simulation results 11.5 Predictor 11.5.1 Modeling procedure 11.5.2 Simulation and experiment results 11.6 Corticothalamus pathway 11.7 Top-down attention control 11.7.1 Modeling procedure 11.7.1.1 Monitoring and controlling the performance 11.7.1.2 Control of the adverse effects of unrelated information 11.7.2 Simulation results 11.8 Summary References Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T V W X Z __Neurocognitive Mechanisms of Attention: Computational Models, Physiology, and Disease States__