Neural Metabolism In Vivo (Advances in Neurobiology Book 4)

From the preface: “__Neural Metabolism In Vivo__ aims to provide a comprehensive overview of neurobiology by presenting the basic principles of up-to-date and cutting-edge technology, as well as their application in assessing the functional, morphological and metabolic aspects of the brain. Investigation of neural activity of the living brain via neurovascular coupling using multimodal imaging techniques extended our understanding of fundamental neurophysiological mechanisms, regulation of cerebral blood flow in connection to neural activity and the interplay between neurons, astrocytes and blood vessels. Constant delivery of glucose and oxygen for energy metabolism is vital for brain function, and the physiological basis of neural activity can be assessed through measurements of cerebral blood flow and consumption of glucose and oxygen.... This book presents the complex physiological and neurochemical processes of neural metabolism and function in response to various physiological conditions and pharmacological stimulations. Neurochemical detection technologies and quantitative aspects of monitoring cerebral energy substrates and other metabolites in the living brain are described under the “Cerebral metabolism of antioxidants, osmolytes and others __in vivo__” section. Altogether, the advent of new __in vivo__ tools has transformed neuroscience and neurobiology research, and demands interdisciplinary approaches as each technology could only approximate a very small fraction of the true complexity of the underlying biological processes. However, translational values of the emerging __in vivo__ methods to the application of preclinical to clinical studies cannot be emphasized enough. Thus, it is our hope that advances in our understanding of biochemical, molecular, functional and physiological processes of the brain could eventually help people with neurological problems, which are still dominated by the unknowns.” -- In-Young Choi and Rolf Gruetter Front Matter....Pages i-xxi Front Matter....Pages 1-1 Introduction to Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Methods....Pages 3-31 Hardware Requirements for In Vivo Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Studies of Neural Metabolism....Pages 33-64 Diffusion Sensitive Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Central Nervous System....Pages 65-78 Tools to Enhance the Contrast in MR Images: From Lanthanide Complexes and Iron Oxide Particles to MEMRI....Pages 79-132 Principles of 1 H NMR Spectroscopy In Vivo ....Pages 133-147 In Vivo Cerebral 31 P Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy....Pages 149-179 In Vivo 13 C Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Metabolic Modeling: Methodology....Pages 181-220 13 C NMR Spectroscopy as a Tool in Neurobiology....Pages 221-253 Overview of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) Methodologies....Pages 255-270 Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) Positron Emission Tomography (PET)....Pages 271-304 Neuroreceptor Imaging....Pages 305-329 Optical Approaches to Study Metabolic Consequences of Spreading Depression In Vivo ....Pages 331-369 Microdialysis and Microfiltration: Technology and Cerebral Applications for Energy Substrates....Pages 371-414 Front Matter....Pages 415-415 The Coupling of Cerebral Metabolic Rate of Glucose and Cerebral Blood Flow In Vivo ....Pages 417-432 Neuronal Basis of Non-Invasive Functional Imaging: From Microscopic Neurovascular Dynamics to BOLD fMRI....Pages 433-500 Imaging of Brain Function Using Deoxyhemoglobin and Magnetic Fields....Pages 501-545 FMRI Using Exogenous Agents and Cerebral Blood Volume Contrast....Pages 547-592 FMRI in Mice: Functional Phenotyping of Transgenic Mouse Lines Based on Hemodynamic Readouts....Pages 593-621 In Vivo Studies of Brain Oxygen Metabolism and Oxidative Phosphorylation....Pages 623-652 Front Matter....Pages 653-653 Cerebral Glucose Transport and Homeostasis....Pages 655-673 Front Matter....Pages 653-653 Glucose Metabolism During Neural Activation....Pages 675-697 Measurements of Glycogen Metabolism in the Living Brain....Pages 699-706 Functions of Glycogen in the Central Nervous System....Pages 707-714 Pyruvate Transport and Metabolism in the Central Nervous System....Pages 715-753 Blood-Brain Barrier Transport of Lactate....Pages 755-761 Cerebral Acetate Metabolism: Towards Its In Vivo Assessment....Pages 763-791 Brain Fatty Acid Uptake....Pages 793-817 The Ketogenic Diet and Brain Metabolism....Pages 819-839 Redox Shuttles in the Brain....Pages 841-883 Mitochondria in Neurodegeneration....Pages 885-906 Front Matter....Pages 907-907 Studies of Brain Metabolism: A Historical Perspective....Pages 909-920 Glutamate-Glutamine Cycle and Anaplerosis....Pages 921-946 Brain Metabolic Compartmentalization, Metabolism Modeling, and Cerebral Activity-Metabolism Relationship....Pages 947-992 Radiotracer Perspective on Cerebral Compartmentation....Pages 993-1003 Nitrogen Metabolism In Vivo ....Pages 1005-1026 Front Matter....Pages 1027-1027 Glutathione (GSH) Synthesis and Metabolism....Pages 1029-1050 Brain Ascorbate: Protective, Yet Permissive for Redox Signaling....Pages 1051-1073 N-Acetyl-Aspartate (NAA) Metabolism....Pages 1075-1093 In Vivo GABA Metabolism....Pages 1095-1116 1 H-Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of Cerebral Phenylalanine Content and its Transport at the Blood-Brain Barrier....Pages 1117-1134 Front Matter....Pages 1027-1027 Measurement of Brain Creatine Metabolism In Vivo : Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Studies of Transgenic Animals....Pages 1135-1148 Back Matter....Pages 1149-1169 From the preface: âNeural Metabolism In Vivo aims to provide a comprehensive overview of neurobiology by presenting the basic principles of up-to-date and cutting-edge technology, as well as their application in assessing the functional, morphological and metabolic aspects of the brain.  Investigation of neural activity of the living brain via neurovascular coupling using multimodal imaging techniques extended our understanding of fundamental neurophysiological mechanisms, regulation of cerebral blood flow in connection to neural activity and the interplay between neurons, astrocytes and blood vessels.  Constant delivery of glucose and oxygen for energy metabolism is vital for brain function, and the physiological basis of neural activity can be assessed through measurements of cerebral blood flow and consumption of glucose and oxygenâ#x00A6;. This book presents the complex physiological and neurochemical processes of neural metabolism and function in response to various physiological conditions and pharmacological stimulations.  Neurochemical detection technologies and quantitative aspects of monitoring cerebral energy substrates and other metabolites in the living brain are described under the âCerebral metabolism of antioxidants, osmolytes and others in vivoâ#x009D; section.  Altogether, the advent of new in vivo tools has transformed neuroscience and neurobiology research, and demands interdisciplinary approaches as each technology could only approximate a very small fraction of the true complexity of the underlying biological processes.  However, translational values of the emerging in vivo methods to the application of preclinical to clinical studies cannot be emphasized enough.  Thus, it is our hope that advances in our understanding of biochemical, molecular, functional and physiological processes of the brain could eventually help people with neurological problems, which are still dominated by theunknowns.â#x009D; -- In-Young Choi and Rolf Gruetter Neural Metabolism In Vivo strives to offer a comprehensive and fundamental overview of cerebral metabolism by presenting leading-edge in vivo multimodal technology and its application in assessing neural activity, energy metabolism and neurotransmission in the living brain. ℗ The recent advances in our current understanding of the complex and dynamic physiological and neurochemical processes of neural function and metabolism are indebted to a variety of powerful techniques, namely nuclear magnetic resonance, positron emission tomography, radiotracer imaging, optical imaging and micro-dialysis. ℗ With the advent of these in vivo techniques, the collective and devoted efforts of neuroscientists and bioengineers made the brain readily assessable to demystify its complexity.℗ Specific topics of this volume include energy metabolism specific to the brain from the in vivo assessment of neural activity via neurovascular coupling and glucose uptake, as well as the accompanying consumption of various cerebral energy substrates to metabolic compartmentation and interaction between neurons and astrocytes. This exciting compilation of 41 chapters across two volumes is the result of the dedicated efforts of 99 renowned experts in neurobiology Annotation This volume offers a comprehensive overview of neurobiology by presenting the basic principles of up-to-date and cutting-edge technology, as well as their application in assessing the functional, morphological and metabolic aspects of the brain This book offers a comprehensive overview of neurobiology by presenting the basic principles of up-to-date and cutting-edge technology, as well as their application in assessing the functional, morphological and metabolic aspects of the brain.