شبکه‌های تجارت در مواد خام و نوآوری‌های فناوری در پیش‌تاریخ و پیش‌تاریخ: رویکردی باستان‌شناسی: مجموعه مقالات XVII ... B34 (مجموعه مقالات کنگره جهانی UISPP)

The papers collected in this book correspond to the lectures held during session B34 of UISPP conference in Burgos (June 2014) where the presentation of multidisciplinary works were encouraged. The main goal of bringing together specialists from various disciplines (humanities and natural sciences) was to debate, from different perspectives, the networks in raw materials and technological innovation in Prehistory and Protohistory, involving investigation topics typical of archaeometry: archeometallurgy, petrography, and mineralogy. Table of Contents Foreword to the XVII UISPP Congress Proceedings Series Edition (Luiz Oosterbeek) Networks of trade in raw materials and technological innovations in Prehistory & Protohistory: an archaeometry approach Introduction (Davide Delfino, Paolo Piccardo, João Carlos Baptista) Middle Bronze Age metalworking in the cave of Monte Meana (South-western Sardinia, Italy) (Marco Serra, Stefano Naitza, Carla Cannas, and Giacomo Paglietti) Bronze Age silver artifacts from Romania – an archaeo-metallurgical study (Bogdan Constantinescu, Daniela Cristea-Stan and Anca-Diana Popescu) Prehistoric gold metallurgy in Transylvania – an archaeometrical study (Daniela Cristea-Stan and Bogdan Constantinescu) Passage of technologies – an archaeometric case study of iron artifacts of a Scythian Age grave from the Carpathian Basin (B. Török, A. Gyucha, Á. Kovács, P. Barkóczy, and Gy. Gulyás) An indigenous pottery production strategy in the late Early Bronze Age site of Mursia, Pantelleria, Italy. Perspectives on social complexity and indigenous interaction patterns (Matteo Cantisani) Bronze Age ceramics from Sardinia (Italy) – a technological study (Maria Giuseppina Gradoli) A preliminary archaeometric study of eneolithic anthropomorphic statues from Nurallao (central Sardinia, Italy) (Marco Serra, Valentina Mameli and Carla Cannas) Early Iron Age pottery in south-western Iberia – archaeometry and chronology (Michał Krueger, Dirk Brandherm) Cover Title Page Copyright Page Contents Middle Bronze Age metalworking in the cave of Monte Meana (South-western Sardinia, Italy) Figure 1. Map of south-west Sardinia (Italy) and location of the Monte Meana cave and close mines of copper (elaborated by Buosi et al. 2014). Figure 3. Slags and dated charcoal found area. Figure 4. The slags and the dagger. Figure 5. pXRF qualitative elemental data obtained on the metallurgical slags (a-b) and the dagger (c-d). Figure 6. Microscopic features of the metallurgical slag 2042. Thin section (transmitted light): a) pyroxene, sulfides and glassy matrix (// nicols); c) malachite, quartz gangue, pyroxene and glass matrix (+ nicols); e) wollastonite (+ nicols); f) piroxen Figure 7. A, B. Main crystallographic phases of the slag 2042. Qz: quartz; Mal: malachite; Aug: augite; Atc: atacamite; Dio: diopside; San: sanidine; Wol: wollastonite; Fay: fayalite; Mag: magnetite; Goe: gohetite. Bronze Age silver artifacts from Romania – an archaeo-metallurgical study Figure 1. Map of silver artifacts provenance sites. Figure 2. Silver hair rings and beads: 1. Verbiţa; 2a-b. Pleniţa; 3-6. Zimnicea; 7-8. Ariceştii Rahtivani. Figure 3. The composition of the analyzed silver hair rings. Figure 4. Ariceştii Rahtivani gilded spiral ring. Figure 5. The silver-copper dagger from Poduri (after Munteanu, Dumitroaia 2010). Figure 6. Perşinari silver shaft-hole axes. Figure 7. XRF analyses of a broken axe. Figure 8. Gold nugget. Figure 9. Vulchitrun-type disc found in Călăraşi. Prehistoric gold metallurgy in Transylvania – an archaeometrical study Figure 2. Map of archaeological gold artifacts investigated by our group (Constantinescu et al.; 2010; Constantinescu et al. 2012a; Constantinescu et al. 2012b; Constantinescu et al. 2012c). Figure 3. Gold Bronze Age artifacts from Smig, Biia, Cauas, Sacuieni, Pecica-Rovine, Cacova. Figure 4. Hair rings (lock rings) from: a. Cacova (Aiud) and b. Sibiu (1, 2 – measured areas). Figure 5. Tauteu hoard. Figure 6. Tauteu ring 1 – micro-SR-XRF spectrum. Figure 7. Gold bracelet Boarta. Figure 8. A spiraled gold Dacian bracelet. Figure 9. Frequency distribution for the Au/Ag ratio and the Au content [%] in Dacian bracelets. Figure 10. Gold Dacian Koson staters. Table 3. Elemental concentration variations in Koson staters with monogram (1 ppm = 1mg/kg = 10-6 = 10-4%). Table 4. Elemental concentration variations in Koson staters without monogram (1 ppm = 1mg/kg = 10-6 = 10-4%). Passage of technologies – an archaeometric case study of iron artifacts of a Scythian Age grave from the Carpathian Basin Figure 1. The examined iron artifacts – long axe (1), trunnion axe (2), shaft-hole axe (3), adze-axe (4), spearhead (5) and sheath (6), the studied cross-sections are marked. Figure 2. SEM micrograph of the long axe – near the surface of its stem. Figure 3. P-rich slag inclusions in the inner area of the long axe arranged in the direction of formation. Figure 4. Widmanstätten-ferrite on a SEM micrograph of the trunnion axe. Figure 5. OM micrograph of the loop of the shaft-hole axe. Figure 6. Pearlitic-ferritic layers in alternating series with inclusion in the inner area of the loop of the shaft-hole axe. Figure 7. Fractured cementite of the edge of the shaft-hole axe. Figure 8. Pearlite and net like ferrite (Widmannstätten-style in some places) on SEM micrograph of the edge perpendicular to the hole of the adze axe. Figure 9. Pearlite and secondary cementite on an OM micrograph of the edge-ring parallel to the hole of the adze axe. Figure 10. SEM micrograph of the spearhead. Figure 11. Element spectrum of a slag inclusion of the sheath. An indigenous pottery production strategy in the late Early Bronze Age site of Mursia, Pantelleria, Italy. Perspectives on social complexity and indigenous interaction patterns Figure 1. Planimetry and excavation areas (graphic from Ardesia et al. 2006, rielaborated by the Author). Figure 2. The ceramic types assemblage from Mursia (from Cattani, Tusa & Nicoletti, 2012). Figure 3. Geographical settings and Mursia site location (source: ISPRA). Figure 4. Particular of the investigated areas (A: the location of B area; B the North zone; C the South zone with location of the structure B3). Under the planimetry are the stratigraphic sequence and a map of distribution patterns of ceramics within t Figure 5. Pantelleria isle location within the SCRZ (source: Civile et al. 2008). Figure 6. Faults and Caldera areas in Pantelleria (elaborated by the Author. Base cartography from: ISPRA webgis). Figure 7. The eruptive cycles and the volcanic structures above; Under the main geological lithotypes are represented (graphics from Di Figlia et al. 2007, rielaborated by the Author). Figure 8. Raw material sources location; A the geological context; B the lake basin with secondary clay sediments; C Fossa del Rosso and the two Gibbile Mounts within the Vecchia Caldera, with primary clay sources. Figure 9. Thin section micrographs of the late Early Bronze Age pottery from Mursia. a) sample C12_09, with evidence of trachyte rock fragments, b) sample C12_12 , with evidence of pseudomorphs, c) sample C12_23 with granular structure. Every sample own Bronze Age ceramics from Sardinia (Italy): a technological study Figure 1. The area under study. From Lilliu C. 1985; and Badas et al. 1989. Drawing: M. G. Gradoli, and V. G. Anardu. Figure 2. Complex Nuraghe Genna Maria at Villanovofarru. Photo Municipality of Villanovaforru. Figure 3. Middle and Recent Bronze Age pottery from the studied area. Scale bar 250 μm. Macro and photomicrographs: M. G. Gradoli. A preliminary archaeometric study of eneolithic anthropomorphic statues from Nurallao (central Sardinia, Italy) Figure 1. Geographic setting of Nurallao. Figure 2. Aiodda-Nurallao: southern view of the nuragic burial (a); menhir statues called Aiodda I (b), Aiodda IV (c) and Aiodda 13 (d). Figure 3. Eastern view (a), layout plan and cross sections (b) of the Perda Tellada’s limestone quarry. Figure 4. Geological setting of Nurallao (after Barca et al. 1997, rielab.). Figure 5. Geological sampling plan of the Villagreca limestone. Table 1. ED-XRF spectra of a Villagreca geological sample (a) and a menhir statue of Aiodda (b). Table 2. Geochemical intra-source variability of the Villagreca Unit: scatter plots of the ED-XRF intensities ratios (a) and ICP-OES/ICP-MS concentrations (b). Table 3. PXRD patterns of the Villagreca geological samples (Cc: calcite; Q: quartz). Table 4. Source provenance of the anthropomorphic sculptures of Aiodda: scatter plots of the geological samples and menhirs ED-XRF intensity ratios (a); synoptic table and histogram of the menhirs’ provenance. Early Iron Age pottery in south-western Iberia: archaeometry and chronology Figure 1. Main sites of the Lower Guadalquivir studied within the project (background: Google Earth). Figure 2. Chronological range for cremation burials from the Setefilla flat cemetery and tumuli A and B previously proposed within the Iberian Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age (modified after Roberts et al. 2013, fig. 2.5). Figure 3. The XRF spectrometer in the Faculty of Chemistry of the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań (photo: M. Krueger).