Networks of Innovation : Vaccine Development at Merck, Sharp and Dohme, and Mulford, 1895?1995

Networks of Innovation offers a historical perspective on the manner in which private sector organizations have acquired, sustained, and periodically lost the ability to develop, manufacture, and market new serum antitoxins and vaccines. The primary focus is on the H. K. Mulford Company, on Sharp & Dohme, which acquired Mulford in 1929, and on Merck & Co., Inc., which merged with Sharp & Dohme in 1953. By surveying a century of innovation in biologicals, the authors show how the activities of these three commercial enterprises were related to a series of complex, evolving networks of scientific, governmental, and medical institutions in the United States and abroad. Networks of Innovation offers an historical perspective on the manner in which private-sector organizations have acquired, sustained, and periodically lost the ability to develop, manufacture, and market new serum antitoxins and vaccines. The primary focus is on the H. K. Mulford Company, on Sharp and Dohme, which acquired Mulford in 1929, and upon Merck & Co Inc., which merged with Sharp and Dohme in 1953. By surveying a century of innovation in biologicals, the authors are able to analyze the conditions that either promoted or prevented creative changes in this important industry. They show how the activities of these three commercial enterprises were related to a series of complex, evolving networks of scientific, governmental, and medical institutions in the United States and abroad. This is the first such history to draw exclusively on sources internal to Merck, one of the world's leading innovators in modern vaccines and pharmaceuticals Networks of Innovation offers an historical perspective on the manner in which private-sector organizations have acquired, sustained, and periodically lost the ability to develop, manufacture, and market new serum antitoxins and vaccines. The primary focus is on the H.K. Mulford Company, on Sharp & Dohme, which acquired Mulford in 1929, and upon Merck & Co., Inc., which merged with Sharp & Dohme in 1953. By surveying a century of innovation in biologicals, the authors are able to analyze the conditions that either promoted or prevented creative changes in this important industry. They show how the activities of these three commercial enterprises were related to a series of complex, evolving networks of scientific, governmental, and medical institutions in the United States and abroad. This is the first such history to draw extensively on sources internal to Merck, one of the world's leading innovators in modern vaccines and pharmaceuticals Frontmatter......Page 3 Contents......Page 9 PREFACE......Page 11 1 - 1894: "The foremost medical question of the day"......Page 15 2 - The Mulford Story......Page 23 3 - A Sharp & Dohme Interlude......Page 47 4 - The Virology Network and a New Program at Merck Sharp & Dohme......Page 67 5 - Hilleman's Innovations: First Phase......Page 93 6 - Dangerous Interlude......Page 137 7 - Transforming Bacteriology: A Second Phase......Page 165 8 - New Networks, New Leadership: The Hepatitis B Vaccines......Page 195 9 - Vaccine Innovation in the Nineties: New Strategies, New Opportunities, and Public Confrontations......Page 225 10 - Historical Perspectives on the Process of Innovation......Page 255 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 267 A WORD ABOUT SOURCES......Page 271 INDEX......Page 273 1. 1894: 'the Foremost Medical Question Of The Day' -- 2. The Mulford Story -- 3. A Sharp & Dohme Interlude -- 4. The Virology Network And A New Programme At Merck, Sharp & Dohme -- 5. Hilleman's Innovations: First Phase, Measles-mumps-rubella -- 6. Dangerous Interlude, Marek's Disease Adjuvant 65, The Swine Flu Drama -- 7. Transforming Bacteriology: A Second Phase, Meningitis, Pneumonia, Haemophilus, Influenzae -- 8. New Networks, New Leadership: The Hepatitis B Vaccines -- 9. Vaccine Innovation In The Nineties: New Strategies, New Structures, And Public Confrontations. Louis Galambos With Jane Eliot Sewell. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. Frontmatter 3 Contents 9 PREFACE 11 1 - 1894: "The foremost medical question of the day" 15 2 - The Mulford Story 23 3 - A Sharp & Dohme Interlude 47 4 - The Virology Network and a New Program at Merck Sharp & Dohme 67 5 - Hilleman's Innovations: First Phase 93 6 - Dangerous Interlude 137 7 - Transforming Bacteriology: A Second Phase 165 8 - New Networks, New Leadership: The Hepatitis B Vaccines 195 9 - Vaccine Innovation in the Nineties: New Strategies, New Opportunities, and Public Confrontations 225 10 - Historical Perspectives on the Process of Innovation 255 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 267 A WORD ABOUT SOURCES 271 INDEX 273 9780521563086 Networks of Innovation offers an historical perspective on how private sector organizations have acquired, sustained, and periodically lost the ability to develop, manufacture, and market new serum antitoxins and vaccines, and how their activities were related to complex, evolving networks of scientific, governmental, and medical institutions. IN 1894, many Americans were deeply concerned about labor violence, about an economy sliding into the worst depression the country had ever experienced, and about the adverse impact mass immigration seemed to be having on urban life.