Netter's Atlas of Neuroscience : Netter's Atlas of Neuroscience E-Book

Ideal for students of neuroscience and neuroanatomy, the new edition of Netter's Atlas of Neuroscience combines the didactic well-loved illustrations of Dr. Frank Netter with succinct text and clinical points, providing a highly visual, clinically oriented guide to the most important topics in this subject. The logically organized content presents neuroscience from three perspectives: an overview of the nervous system, regional neuroscience, and systemic neuroscience, enabling you to review complex neural structures and systems from different contexts. You may also be interested in: A companion set of flash cards, Netter's Neuroscience Flash Cards, 3rd Edition, to which the textbook is cross-referenced. Coverage of both regional and systemic neurosciences allows you to learn structure and function in different and important contexts. Combines the precision and beauty of Netter and Netter-style illustrations to highlight key neuroanatomical concepts and clinical correlations. Reflects the current understanding of the neural components and supportive tissue, regions, and systems of the brain, spinal cord, and periphery. Uniquely informative drawings provide a quick and memorable overview of anatomy, function, and clinical relevance. Succinct and useful format utilizes tables and short text to offer easily accessible'at-a-glance'information. Provides an overview of the basic features of the spinal cord, brain, and peripheral nervous system, the vasculature, meninges and cerebrospinal fluid, and basic development. Integrates the peripheral and central aspects of the nervous system. Bridges neuroanatomy and neurology through the use of correlative radiographs. Highlights cross-sectional brain stem anatomy and side-by-side comparisons of horizontal sections, CTs and MRIs. Student Consult eBook version included with purchase. This enhanced eBook experience includes access -- on a variety of devices -- to the complete text, 14 videos, and images from the book. Expanded coverage of cellular and molecular neuroscience provides essential guidance on signaling, transcription factors, stem cells, evoked potentials, neuronal and glial function, and a number of molecular breakthroughs for a better understanding of normal and pathologic conditions of the nervous system. Micrographs, radiologic imaging, and stained cross sections supplement illustrations for a comprehensive visual understanding. Increased clinical points -- from sleep disorders and inflammation in the CNS to the biology of seizures and the mechanisms of Alzheimer's -- offer concise insights that bridge basic neuroscience and clinical application. Netter's Atlas of Neuroscience, Third Edition (2016) 498pp. 978-0-323-26511-9 Front Cover 1 Inside Front Cover 2 Marketing ad 3 Netter's Atlas of Neuroscience 4 Copyright Page 6 About the Authors 7 Dedication 9 Acknowledgments 11 Preface 13 Organization of Netter’s Atlas of Neuroscience 14 About the Artists 15 Table Of Contents 17 Video Contents 19 I Overview of the Nervous System 21 1 Neurons and Their Properties 23 Anatomical and Molecular Properties 24 1.1 Neuronal Structure 24 1.2 3D Neuronal Structure And Neurohistology 25 1.3 Types of Synapses 26 1.4 Neuronal Cell Types 27 1.5 Glial Cell Types 28 1.6 Astrocyte Biology 29 1.7 Microglial Biology 30 1.8 Oligodendrocyte Biology 31 1.9 Neuronal Growth Factors And Trophic Factors 32 1.10 Stem Cells In The CNS: Intrinsic And Extrinsic Mechanisms 33 1.11 Stem Cell Therapy 34 1.12 Blood-Brain Barrier 35 1.13 Inflammation in the CNS 36 1.14 Axonal Transport in the CNS and PNS 37 1.15 Myelination of CNS and PNS Axons 38 1.16 Development of Myelination and Axon Ensheathment 39 Electrical Properties 40 1.17 Neuronal Resting Potential 40 1.18 Neuronal Membrane Potential and Sodium Channels 41 1.19 Graded Potentials in Neurons 42 1.20 Mechanisms of Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials and Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials 43 1.21 Action Potentials 44 1.22 Propagation of the Action Potential 45 1.23 Conduction Velocity 46 1.24 Classification of Peripheral Nerve Fibers by Size and Conduction Velocity 47 1.25 Electromyography and Conduction Velocity Studies 48 1.26 Presynaptic and Postsynaptic Inhibition 49 1.27 Spatial and Temporal Summation 50 1.28 Normal Electrical Firing Patterns of Cortical Neurons and the Origin and Spread of Seizures 51 1.29 Electroencephalography 52 1.30 Types of Electrical Discharges in Generalized Seizures and Sites of Action of Antiseizure Medications 53 1.31 Visual and Auditory Evoked Potentials 54 Neurotransmitter and Signaling Properties 55 1.32 Synaptic Morphology 55 1.33 Mechanisms of Molecular Signaling in Neurons 56 1.34 Neurotransmitter Release 57 1.35 Multiple Neurotransmitter Synthesis, Release, and Signaling from Individual Neurons 58 1.36 Neuronal Signal Transduction: Local Regulation of Synaptic Strength at An Excitatory Synapse 59 1.37 Neuronal Signal Transduction: Regulation of Nuclear Signaling 60 1.38 Glucocorticoid Regulation of Neurons and Apoptosis 61 1.39 Chemical Neurotransmission 63 Amino Acid Synapse 63 Catecholamine Synapse 63 Serotonin Synapse 63 Peptide Synapses 63 Acetylcholine (Cholinergic) Synapse 63 2 Skull and Meninges 65 2.1 Interior View of the Base of the Adult Skull 66 2.2 Foramina in the Base of the Adult Skull 67 2.3 Bony Framework of the Head and Neck 68 2.4 Schematic of the Meninges and Their Relationships to the Brain and Skull 69 2.5 Hematomas 70 3 Brain 71 3.1 Surface Anatomy of the Forebrain: Lateral View 72 3.2 Lateral View of the Forebrain: Functional Regions 73 3.3 Lateral View of the Forebrain: Brodmann’s Areas 74 3.4 Anatomy of the Medial (Midsagittal) Surface of the Brain in Situ 75 3.5 Anatomy of the Medial (Midsagittal) Surface of the Brain, with Brain Stem Removed 76 3.6 Medial Surface of the Brain 77 3.7 Anatomy of the Basal Surface of the Brain, with the Brain Stem and Cerebellum Removed 78 3.8 Basal Surface of the Brain: Functional Areas and Brodmann’s Areas 79 3.9 Brain Imaging: Computed Tomography Scans, Coronal and Sagittal 80 3.10 Brain Imaging: Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Axial and Sagittal T1-Weighted Images 81 3.11 Brain Imaging: Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Axial and Sagittal T2-Weighted Images 82 3.12 Positron Emission Tomography Scanning 83 3.13 Horizontal Brain Sections Showing the Basal Ganglia 84 3.14 Major Limbic Forebrain Structures 85 3.15 Corpus Callosum 86 3.16 Color Imaging of the Corpus Callosum by Diffusion Tensor Imaging 87 3.17 Hippocampal Formation and Fornix 88 3.18 Thalamic Anatomy 89 3.19 Thalamic Nuclei 90 4 Brain Stem and Cerebellum 91 4.1 Brain Stem Surface Anatomy: Posterolateral View 92 4.2 Brain Stem Surface Anatomy: Anterior View 93 4.3 Cerebellar Anatomy: External Features 94 4.4 Cerebellar Anatomy: Internal Features 95 5 Spinal Cord 97 5.1 Spinal Column: Bony Anatomy 98 5.2 Lumbar Vertebrae: Radiography 99 5.3 Spinal Cord: Gross Anatomy in Situ 100 5.4 The Spinal Cord: Its Meninges and Spinal Roots 101 5.5 Spinal Cord: Cross-Sectional Anatomy in Situ 102 5.6 Spinal Cord: White and Gray Matter 103 6 Ventricles and the Cerebrospinal Fluid 105 6.1 Ventricular Anatomy 106 6.2 Ventricular Anatomy in Coronal Forebrain Section 107 6.3 Anatomy of the Fourth Ventricle: Posterior View with Cerebellum Removed 108 6.4 Anatomy of the Fourth Ventricle: Lateral View 109 6.5 Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Ventricles: Axial and Coronal Views 110 6.6 Circulation of the Cerebrospinal Fluid 111 7 Vasculature 113 Arterial System 114 7.1 Meningeal Arteries: Relationship to Skull and Dura 114 7.2 Arterial Supply to the Brain and Meninges 115 7.3 Common Sites of Cerebrovascular Occlusive Disease 116 7.4 Internal Carotid and Ophthalmic Artery Course 117 7.5 Arterial Distribution to the Brain: Basal View 118 7.6 Arterial Distribution to the Brain: Cutaway Basal View Showing the Circle of Willis 119 7.7 Arterial Distribution to the Brain: Frontal View with Hemispheres Retracted 120 7.8 Arterial Distribution to the Brain: Coronal Forebrain Section 121 7.9 Types of Strokes 122 7.10 Schematic of Arteries to the Brain 123 7.11 Circle of Willis: Schematic Illustration and Vessels in Situ 124 7.12 Arterial Distribution to the Brain: Lateral and Medial Views 125 7.13 Territories of the Cerebral Arteries 126 7.14 Magnetic Resonance Angiography: Frontal and Lateral Views 127 7.15 Angiographic Anatomy of the Internal Carotid Circulation 128 7.16 Vertebrobasilar Arterial System 129 7.17 Angiographic Anatomy of the Vertebrobasilar System 130 7.18 Occlusive Sites of the Vertebrobasilar System 131 7.19 Vascular Supply to the Hypothalamus and the Pituitary Gland 132 7.20 Arterial Blood Supply to the Spinal Cord: Longitudinal View 133 7.21 Anterior and Posterior Spinal Arteries and Their Distribution 134 7.22 Arterial Supply to the Spinal Cord: Cross-Sectional View 135 Venous System 136 7.23 Meninges and Superficial Cerebral Veins 136 7.24 Veins: Superficial Cerebral, Meningeal, Diploic, and Emissary 137 7.25 Venous Sinuses 138 7.26 Deep Venous Drainage of the Brain 139 7.27 Deep Venous Drainage of the Brain: Relationship to the Ventricles 140 7.28 Carotid Venograms: Venous Phase 141 7.29 Magnetic Resonance Venography: Coronal and Sagittal Views 142 7.30 Venous Drainage of the Brain Stem and the Cerebellum 143 7.31 Venous Drainage of the Spinal Cord 144 8 Developmental Neuroscience 145 8.1 Formation of the Neural Plate, Neural Tube, and Neural Crest 146 8.2 Neurulation 147 8.3 Neural Tube Development and Neural Crest Formation 148 8.4 Development of Peripheral Axons 149 8.5 Somatic Versus Splanchnic Nerve Development 150 8.6 Limb Rotation and Dermatomes 151 8.7 Neural Proliferation and Differentiation: Walls of the Neural Tube 152 8.8 Neural Tube and Neural Crest Derivatives 153 8.9 Early Brain Development: the 28-Day-Old Embryo 154 8.10 Early Brain Development: the 36-Day-Old Embryo 155 8.11 Early Brain Development: the 49-Day-Old Embryo and the 3-Month-Old Embryo 156 8.12 Forebrain Development: 7 Weeks Through 3 Months 157 8.13 The 6-Month and 9-Month Central Nervous Systems 158 8.14 Neurogenesis and Cell Migration in the Developing Neocortex 159 8.15 Comparison of -Week and Adult Central Nervous System Regions 160 8.16 Alar and Basal Plate Derivatives in the Brain Stem 161 8.17 Adult Derivatives of the Forebrain, Midbrain, and Hindbrain 162 8.18 Cranial Nerve Primordia 163 8.19 Cranial Nerve Neuron Components 164 8.20 Development of Motor and Preganglionic Autonomic Nuclei in the Brain Stem and Spinal Cord 165 8.21 Development of the Eye and Orbit 166 8.22 Development of the Ear 167 8.23 Development of the Pituitary Gland 168 8.24 Development of the Ventricles 169 8.25 Development of the Fourth Ventricle 170 8.26 Neural Tube Defects 171 8.27 Defects of the Brain and Skull 172 II Regional Neuroscience 173 9 Peripheral Nervous System 175 Introduction and Basic Organization 176 9.1 Schematic of the Spinal Cord with Sensory, Motor, and Autonomic Components of Peripheral Nerves 176 9.2 Anatomy of a Peripheral Nerve 177 9.3 Nerve Compression and Pressure Gradients 178 9.4 Peripheral Nerve Injury and Degeneration in a Compression Neuropathy 179 9.5 Relationship of Spinal Nerve Roots to Vertebrae 180 9.6 Lumbar Disc Herniation: L4–L5 and L5–S1 181 9.7 Sensory Channels: Reflex and Cerebellar 182 9.8 Sensory Channels: Lemniscal 183 9.9 Motor Channels: Basic Organization of Lower and Upper Motor Neurons 184 9.10 Autonomic Channels 185 9.11 Cutaneous Receptors 186 9.12 Pacinian Corpuscles 187 9.13 Interoceptors 188 9.14 Skin and Its Nerves 189 9.15 The Neuromuscular Junction and Neurotransmission 190 9.16 Physiology of the Neuromuscular Junction 191 9.17 Major Structures and Proteins in the Normal Neuromuscular Junction 192 9.18 Neuroeffector Junctions 193 Somatic Nervous System 194 9.19 Dermatomal Distribution 194 9.20 Cutaneous Distribution of Peripheral Nerves 195 9.21 Cutaneous Nerves of the Head and Neck 196 9.22 Cervical Plexus in Situ 197 9.23 Cervical Plexus 198 9.24 Phrenic Nerve 199 9.25 Thoracic Nerves 200 9.26 Brachial Plexus 201 9.27 Dermatomes of the Upper Limb 202 9.28 Cervical Disc Herniation 203 9.29 Cutaneous Innervation of the Upper Limb 204 9.30 The Scapular, Axillary, and Radial Nerves Above the Elbow 205 9.31 Radial Nerve in the Forearm 206 9.32 Musculocutaneous Nerve 207 9.33 Median Nerve 208 9.34 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome 209 9.35 Ulnar Nerve 210 9.36 Lumbar Plexus 211 9.37 Sacral and Coccygeal Plexuses 212 9.38 Femoral and Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerves 213 9.39 Obturator Nerve 214 9.40 Sciatic and Posterior Femoral Cutaneous Nerves 215 9.41 Tibial Nerve 216 9.42 Common Peroneal Nerve 217 Autonomic Nervous System 218 9.43 General Schema 218 9.44 Autonomic Innervation of the Immune System and Metabolic Organs 219 9.45 Reflex Pathways 220 9.46 Cholinergic and Adrenergic Synapses 221 9.47 Schematic of Cholinergic and Adrenergic Distribution to Motor and Autonomic Structures 222 9.48 Autonomic Distribution to the Head and Neck: Medial View 223 9.49 Autonomic Distribution to the Head and Neck: Lateral View 224 9.50 Schematic of Autonomic Distribution to the Head and Neck 225 9.51 Autonomic Distribution to the Eye 226 9.52 Autonomic Innervation of the Nasal Cavity 227 9.53 Schematic of the Pterygopalatine and Submandibular Ganglia 228 9.54 Schematic of the otic Ganglion 229 9.55 Innervation of the Limbs 230 9.56 Thoracic Sympathetic Chain and Splanchnic Nerves 231 9.57 Innervation of the Tracheobronchial Tree 232 9.58 Innervation of the Heart 233 9.59 Abdominal Nerves and Ganglia 234 9.60 Nerves of the Esophagus 235 9.61 Innervation of the Stomach and Proximal Duodenum 236 9.62 Nerves of the Stomach and Duodenum 237 9.63 Innervation of the Small and Large Intestines 238 9.64 Nerves of the Small Intestine 239 9.65 Nerves of the Large Intestine 240 9.66 Enteric Nervous System: Longitudinal View 241 9.67 Enteric Nervous System: Cross-Sectional View 242 9.68 Autonomic Innervation of the Liver and Biliary Tract 243 9.69 Autonomic Innervation of the Pancreas 244 9.70 Schematic of Innervation of the Adrenal Gland 245 9.71 Innervation of the Adrenal Gland 246 9.72 Autonomic Pelvic Nerves and Ganglia 247 9.73 Nerves of the Kidneys, Ureters, and Urinary Bladder 248 9.74 Innervation of the Kidneys and Upper Ureter 249 9.75 Innervation of the Urinary Bladder and Lower Ureter 250 9.76 Innervation of the Male Reproductive Organs 251 9.77 Innervation of the Female Reproductive Organs 252 10 Spinal Cord 253 10.1 Cytoarchitecture of the Spinal Cord Gray Matter 254 10.2 Spinal Cord Levels: Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, and Sacral 255 10.3 Spinal Cord Levels: Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, and Sacral (continued) 256 10.4 Spinal Cord Levels: Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, and Sacral (continued) 257 10.5 Spinal Cord Levels: Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, and Sacral (continued) 258 10.6 Spinal Cord Histological Cross Sections 259 10.7 Spinal Cord Histological Cross Sections (Continued) 260 10.8 Spinal Cord Imaging 261 10.9 Spinal Cord Syndromes 262 10.10 Spinal Cord Lower Motor Neuron Organization and Control 263 10.11 Spinal Somatic Reflex Pathways 264 10.12 Muscle and Joint Receptors and Muscle Spindles 265 10.13 The Muscle Stretch Reflex and Its Central Control via Gamma Motor Neurons 266 11 Brain Stem and Cerebellum 267 Brain Stem Cross-Sectional Anatomy 268 11.1 Brain Stem Cross-Sectional Anatomy: Section 1 268 11.2 Brain Stem Cross-Sectional Anatomy: Section 2 269 11.3 Brain Stem Cross-Sectional Anatomy: Section 3 270 11.4 Brain Stem Cross-Sectional Anatomy: Section 4 271 11.5 Brain Stem Cross-Sectional Anatomy: Section 5 272 11.6 Brain Stem Cross-Sectional Anatomy: Section 6 273 11.7 Brain Stem Cross-Sectional Anatomy: Section 7 274 11.8 Brain Stem Cross-Sectional Anatomy: Section 8 275 11.9 Brain Stem Cross-Sectional Anatomy: Section 9 276 11.10 Brain Stem Cross-Sectional Anatomy: Section 10 277 11.11 Brain Stem Cross-Sectional Anatomy: Section 11 278 11.12 Brain Stem Cross-Sectional Anatomy: Section 12 279 11.13 Brain Stem Cross-Sectional Anatomy: Section 13 280 11.14 Brain Stem Cross-Sectional Anatomy: Section 14 281 11.15 Brain Stem Arterial Syndromes 282 Cranial Nerves and Cranial Nerve Nuclei 283 11.16 Cranial Nerves: Schematic of Distribution of Sensory, Motor, and Autonomic Fibers 283 11.17 Cranial Nerves and Their Nuclei: Schematic View From Above 285 11.18 Cranial Nerves and Their Nuclei: Schematic Lateral View 286 11.19 Nerves of the Orbit 287 11.20 Nerves of the Orbit (Continued) 288 11.21 Extraocular Nerves (III, IV, and VI) and the Ciliary Ganglion: View in Relation to the Eye 289 11.22 Trigeminal Nerve (V) 291 11.23 Innervation of the Teeth 292 11.24 Facial Nerve (VII) 293 11.25 Facial Nerve Branches and the Parotid Gland 294 11.26 Vestibulocochlear Nerve (VIII) 295 11.27 Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX) 296 11.28 Accessory Nerve (XI) 297 11.29 Vagus Nerve (X) 299 11.30 Hypoglossal Nerve (XII) 300 Reticular Formation 301 11.31 Reticular Formation: General Pattern of Nuclei in the Brain Stem 301 11.32 Reticular Formation: Nuclei and Areas in the Brain Stem and Diencephalon 302 11.33 Major Afferent and Efferent Connections to the Reticular Formation 303 11.34 Sleep-Wakefulness Control 304 Cerebellum 305 11.35 Cerebellar Organization: Lobes and Regions 305 11.36 Cerebellar Anatomy: Lobules 306 11.37 Cerebellar Anatomy: Deep Nuclei and Cerebellar Peduncles 307 12 Diencephalon 309 12.1 Thalamic Anatomy and Interconnections with the Cerebral Cortex 310 12.2 Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland 311 12.3 Hypothalamic Nuclei 313 13 Telencephalon 315 13.1A Axial (Horizontal) Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 1—Mid Pons 316 13.1B Axial (Horizontal) Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 1—Mid Pons 317 13.2A Axial (Horizontal) Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 2—Rostral Pons 318 13.2B Axial (Horizontal) Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 2—Rostral Pons (Continued) 319 13.3A Axial (Horizontal) Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 3—Midbrain 320 13.3B Axial (Horizontal) Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 3—Midbrain (Continued) 321 13.4A Axial (Horizontal) Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 4—Rostral Midbrain and Hypothalamus 322 13.4B Axial (Horizontal) Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 4—Rostral Midbrain and Hypothalamus (Continued) 323 13.5A Axial (Horizontal) Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 5—Anterior Commissure and Caudal Thalamus 324 13.5B Axial (Horizontal) Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 5—Anterior Commissure and Caudal Thalamus (Continued) 325 13.6A Axial (Horizontal) Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 6—Head of Caudate and Midthalamus 326 13.6B Axial (Horizontal) Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 6—Head of Caudate and Midthalamus (Continued) 327 13.7A Axial (Horizontal) Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 7—Basal Ganglia and Internal Capsule 328 13.7B Axial (Horizontal) Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 7—Basal Ganglia and Internal Capsule (Continued) 329 13.8A Axial (Horizontal) Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 8—Dorsal Caudate, Splenium, and Genu of Corpus Callosum 330 13.8B Axial (Horizontal) Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 8—Dorsal Caudate, Splenium, and Genu of Corpus Callosum (Continued) 331 13.9A Axial (Horizontal) Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 9—Body of Corpus Callosum 332 13.9B Axial (Horizontal) Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 9—Body of Corpus Callosum (Continued) 333 13.10A Axial (Horizontal) Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 10—Centrum Semiovale 334 13.10B Axial (Horizontal) Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 10—Centrum Semiovale (Continued) 335 13.11A Coronal Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 1—Genu of Corpus Callosum 336 13.11B Coronal Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 1—Genu of Corpus Callosum (Continued) 337 13.12A Coronal Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 2—Head of Caudate Nucleus/Nucleus Accumbens 338 13.12B Coronal Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 2—Head of Caudate Nucleus/Nucleus Accumbens (Continued) 339 13.13A Coronal Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 3—Anterior Commissure/Columns of Fornix 340 13.13B Coronal Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 3—Anterior Commissure/Columns of Fornix (Continued) 341 13.14A Coronal Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 4—Amygdala, Anterior Limb of Internal Capsule 342 13.14B Coronal Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 4—Amygdala, Anterior Limb of Internal Capsule (Continued) 343 13.15A Coronal Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 5—Mammillary Body 344 13.15B Coronal Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 5—Mammillary Body (Continued) 345 13.16A Coronal Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 6—Mammillothalamic Tract/Substantia Nigra, Rostral Hippocampus 346 13.16B Coronal Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 6—Mammillothalamic Tract/Substantia Nigra, Rostral Hippocampus (Continued) 347 13.17A Coronal Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 7—Midthalamus 348 13.17B Coronal Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 7—Midthalamus (Continued) 349 13.18A Coronal Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 8—Geniculate Nuclei 350 13.18B Coronal Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 8—Geniculate Nuclei (Continued) 351 13.19A Coronal Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 9—Caudal Pulvinar and Superior Colliculus 352 13.19B Coronal Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 9—Caudal Pulvinar and Superior Colliculus (Continued) 353 13.20A Coronal Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 10—Splenium of Corpus Callosum 354 13.20B Coronal Sections Through the Forebrain: Level 10—Splenium of Corpus Callosum (Continued) 355 13.21 Layers of the Cerebral Cortex 356 13.22 Cortical Neuronal Cell Types 357 13.23 Vertical Columns: Functional Units of the Cerebral Cortex 358 13.24 Efferent Connections of the Cerebral Cortex 359 13.25 Neuronal Origins of Efferent Connections of the Cerebral Cortex 360 13.26 Cortical Association Pathways 361 13.27 Major Cortical Association Bundles 362 13.28 Color Imaging of Association Pathways 363 13.29 Color Imaging of Projection Pathways from the Cerebral Cortex 364 13.30 Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging 365 13.31 Aphasias and Cortical Areas of Damage 366 13.32 Noradrenergic Pathways 367 13.33 Serotonergic Pathways 368 13.34 Dopaminergic Pathways 369 13.35 Central Cholinergic Pathways 370 13.36 Distribution of Pathology in the Brain in Alzheimer Disease 371 13.37 The Olfactory Nerve and Nerves of the Nose 372 III Systemic Neuroscience 373 14 Sensory Systems 375 Somatosensory Systems 376 14.1 Somatosensory Afferents to the Spinal Cord 376 14.2 Spinal Somatic Reflex Actions and Pathways 377 14.3 Somatosensory System: Spinocerebellar Pathways 378 14.4 Somatosensory System: The Dorsal Column System and Epicritic Modalities 379 14.5 Somatosensory System: The Spinothalamic and Spinoreticular Systems and Protopathic Modalities (CONTINUED) 381 14.6 Spinothalamic and Spinoreticular Nociceptive Processing in the Spinal Cord 382 14.7 Mechanisms of Neuropathic Pain and Sympathetically Maintained Pain 383 14.8 Descending Control of Ascending Somatosensory Systems 384 Trigeminal Sensory System 385 14.9 Trigeminal Sensory and Associated Sensory Systems 385 14.10 Pain-Sensitive Structures of the Head and Pain Referral 386 Sensory System for Taste 387 14.11 Anatomy of Taste Buds and Their Receptors 387 14.12 Taste Pathways 388 Auditory System 389 14.13 Peripheral Pathways for Sound Reception 389 14.14 Bony and Membranous Labyrinths 390 14.15 VIII Nerve Innervation of Hair Cells of the Organ of Corti 391 14.16 Cochlear Receptors 392 14.17 Afferent Auditory Pathways 393 14.18 Afferent Auditory Pathways (CONTINUED) 394 14.19 Centrifugal (Efferent) Auditory Pathways 395 Vestibular System 396 14.20 Vestibular Receptors 396 14.21 Vestibular Pathways 397 14.22 Nystagmus 398 Visual System 399 14.23 Anatomy of the Eye 399 14.24 Anterior and Posterior Chambers of the Eye 400 14.25 The Retina: Retinal Layers 401 14.26 The Retina: Photoreceptors 402 14.27 The Retina: Optic Nerve 403 14.28 Arteries and Veins of the Eye 404 14.29 Anatomy and Relationships of the Optic Chiasm 405 14.30 Visual Pathways: Retinal Projections to the Thalamus, Hypothalamus, and Brain Stem 406 14.31 Pupillary Light Reflex 407 14.32 Visual Pathway: The Retino-Geniculo-Calcarine Pathway 408 14.33 Visual Pathways in the Parietal and Temporal Lobes 409 14.34 Visual System Lesions 410 15 Motor Systems 411 Lower Motor Neurons 412 15.1 Alpha and Gamma Lower Motor Neurons 412 15.2 Distribution of Lower Motor Neurons in the Spinal Cord 413 15.3 Distribution of Lower Motor Neurons in the Brain Stem 414 Upper Motor Neurons 415 15.4 Cortical Efferent Pathways 415 15.5 Color Imaging of Cortical Efferent Pathways 416 15.6 Corticobulbar Tract 417 15.7 Corticospinal Tract 419 15.8 Corticospinal Tract Terminations in the Spinal Cord 420 15.9 Rubrospinal Tract 421 15.10 Vestibulospinal Tracts 423 15.11 Reticulospinal and Corticoreticular Pathways 424 15.12 Tectospinal Tract and Interstitiospinal Tract 425 15.13 Spinal Cord Terminations of Major Descending Upper Motor Neuron Tracts 426 15.14 Central Control of Eye Movements 427 15.15 Central Control of Respiration 428 Cerebellum 429 15.16 Functional Subdivisions of the Cerebellum 429 15.17 Cerebellar Neuronal Circuitry 430 15.18 Circuit Diagrams of Afferent Connections in the Cerebellum 431 15.19 Afferent Pathways to the Cerebellum 432 15.20 Cerebellar Efferent Pathways 433 15.21 Cerebellovestibular and Vestibulocerebellar Pathways 434 15.22 Schematic Diagrams of Efferent Pathways From the Cerebellum to Upper Motor Neuron Systems 435 Basal Ganglia 436 15.23 Connections of the Basal Ganglia 436 15.24 Simplified Schematic of Basal Ganglia Circuitry and Neurochemistry 437 15.25 Parallel Loops of Circuitry Through the Basal Ganglia 438 15.26 Connections of Nucleus Accumbens 439 16 Autonomic-Hypothalamic-Limbic Systems 441 Autonomic Nervous System 443 16.1 General Organization of the Autonomic Nervous System 443 Hypothalamus and Pituitary 444 16.2 General Anatomy of the Hypothalamus 444 16.3 Sections Through the Hypothalamus: Preoptic and Supraoptic Zones 445 16.4 Sections Through the Hypothalamus: Tuberal Zone 446 16.5 Sections Through the Hypothalamus: Mammillary Zone 447 16.6 Schematic Reconstruction of the Hypothalamus 448 16.7 Forebrain Regions Associated with the Hypothalamus 449 16.8 Afferent and Efferent Pathways Associated with the Hypothalamus 450 16.9 Schematic Diagram of Major Hypothalamic Afferent Pathways 451 16.10 Schematic Diagram of Major Hypothalamic Efferent Pathways 452 16.11 Summary of General Hypothalamic Connections 453 16.12 Paraventricular Nucleus of the Hypothalamus: Regulation of Pituitary Neurohormonal Outflow, Autonomic Preganglionic Outflow, and Limbic Activity 454 16.13 Mechanisms of Cytokine Influences on the Hypothalamus and Other Brain Regions and on Behavior 455 16.14 Circumventricular Organs 456 16.15 The Hypophyseal Portal Vasculature 457 16.16 Regulation of Anterior Pituitary Hormone Secretion 459 16.17 Posterior Pituitary (Neurohypophyseal) Hormones: Oxytocin and Vasopressin 460 16.18 Vasopressin (Antidiuretic Hormone) Regulation of Water Balance and Fluid Osmolality 461 16.19 The Hypothalamus and Thermoregulation 462 16.20 Hypothalamic Regulation of Cardiac Function 463 16.21 Short-Term Regulation of Blood Pressure 464 16.22 Long-Term Regulation of Blood Pressure 465 16.23 Neural Control of Appetite and Hunger 466 16.24 Signaling Systems Involved in Regulation of Food Intake, Body Weight, and Metabolism 467 16.25 Neural and Neuroendocrine Roles in the Fight-or-Flight Response 468 16.26 Neuroimmunomodulation 469 Limbic System 470 16.27 Anatomy of the Limbic Forebrain 470 16.28 Hippocampal Formation: General Anatomy 471 16.29 Neuronal Connections in the Hippocampal Formation 472 16.30 Major Afferent and Efferent Connections of the Hippocampal Formation 473 16.31 Afferent and Efferent Connections of the Entorhinal Cortex 474 16.32 Major Afferent Connections of the Amygdala 475 16.33 Major Efferent Connections of the Amygdala 476 16.34 Summary of Major Afferents, Efferents, and Interconnections of the Amygdala 477 16.35 Major Afferent and Efferent Connections of the Septal Nuclei 478 16.36 Major Connections of the Cingulate Cortex 479 Olfactory System 480 16.37 Olfactory Receptors 480 16.38 Olfactory Pathways 481 Index 483 A 483 B 484 C 485 D 487 E 487 F 487 G 488 H 488 I 489 J 489 K 489 L 489 M 490 N 491 O 492 P 492 Q 493 R 493 S 494 T 496 U 496 V 496 W 497