Nephrology & Hepatology : Prepare for the MRCPCH. Key Articles from the Paediatrics & Child Health journal

Nephrology & Hepatology is a new e-book in a collection of subject-themed e-books containing relevant key articles from Paediatrics & Child Health. The e-books provide a perfect source of revision for post-graduate exams in paediatrics and portfolio material for life-long learning. As well as mapping to the requirements of post-graduate training in paediatrics, these e-books also enable anyone with a short-term interest in a specific area to buy individual articles at a price-point that will give affordable access to all readers (from medical students to GPs and practitioners in related areas). The quality of user experience on mobiles, tablets and laptops will be an added bonus for learning on the move. About the journal The parent journal (http://www.paediatricsandchildhealthjournal.co.uk/) is a rolling, continuously updated review of clinical medicine over a 4-year cycle covering all the important topics for post-graduate exams in paediatrics. The journal’s articles are refreshed, updated, augmented or replaced as appropriate each time the subject is due for revision to provide a concise overview of knowledge and practice core to the curriculum. Each article is written by invited experts and overseen by the relevant subject specialist on the Board. A trainee representative on the Board ensures relevance and accessibility for exam candidates. Front Cover Nephrology and Hepatology: Prepare for the MRCPCH Copyright Page PREFACE Table of Contents Section 1: Nephrology Fluid and electrolyte balance in children Definitions Routes of administration Water and electrolyte requirements Glucose requirements Fluid requirements Prescribing the intravenous fluids hourly Monitoring of intravenous fluid therapy Diabetic ketoacidosis Hyponatraemic encephalopathy Treatment of hyponatraemia FURTHER READING Renal tubular disorders Introduction Renal physiology Renal regulation of potassium and acid base balance Cystinosis Gitelman’s and Bartter’s syndromes Pseudohypoaldosteronism Secondary psuedohypoaldosteronism Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) Renal tubular acidosis How to investigate suspected tubulopathies How to spot a polydipsic/polyuric child Conclusions FURTHER READING Urinary tract infections in children Definition Causative organisms and host response Incidence and epidemiology Clinical presentation and differential diagnosis Urine analysis Management and treatment of UTI Prevention of UTI Long term outcome Follow up Future research FURTHER READING Renal calculi in children Introduction Lithogenic risk factors of stone disease Medication and intoxications Clinical presentation and diagnostic pathway in children Treatment Conclusion FURTHER READING Antenatally detected urinary tract abnormalities (AUTA) Antenatal management Immediate postnatal management Imaging Renal tract dilatation (Figure 1) Unilateral parenchymal abnormalities with normal contralateral kidney (Figure 4) Summary FURTHER READING Principles in the management of chronic kidney disease Introduction Definition Classification (Table 1) Calculation of the GFR Epidemiology Aetiology Pathophysiology Presentation Investigation (Table 2) Management Immunization Transplantation work-up Renal replacement therapy (RRT) Follow-up Prognosis FURTHER READING Haematuria and proteinuria in childhood Haematuria and proteinuria in children FURTHER READING The glomerulonephritides Introduction Pathogenesis Initial assessment History Examination Laboratory investigations Acute post streptococcal glomerulonephritis Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) IgA nephropathy (IgAN) Systemic lupus erythematosus Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) Conclusions FURTHER READING Management of Henoch—Schönlein purpura Pathophysiology Diagnosis Acute management HSP nephritis Follow-up Long-term management Summary FURTHER READING Haemolytic uraemic syndrome How common? UK and worldwide Definition Epidemiology Pathology, pathogenesis and applied physiology Course of the disease Diagnosis, history and physical examination Investigations Differential diagnosis Management Prognosis and explanation to patient Follow up Prevention FURTHER READING Nephrotic syndrome Introduction Classification Pathophysiology Clinical features Investigations Complications Management Definitive treatment Relapses Second line non-steroidal agents Genetics Long-term prognosis and follow up FURTHER READING Acute kidney injury Introduction Definition and classification of AKI Causes of AKI AKI in neonates AKI in the context of multiorgan dysfunction syndrome Management of AKI Outcome and follow up Future developments in AKI FURTHER READING Section 2: Hepatology Metabolic disorders presenting as liver disease Introduction History Clinical examination Investigations Treatment Liver failure Cholestatic liver disease Hepatomegaly FURTHER READING Acquired disorders of the biliary tract in children Overview Gallstones Other disorders of the gall bladder Sclerosing cholangitis Biliary complications after liver transplantation Biliary dyskinesia Inspissated bile syndrome Spontaneous bile duct perforation (SBDP) Other causes of biliary obstruction Trauma FURTHER READING Intestinal transplantation in children History Indications Assessment Surgical techniques Immunosuppression Complications Nutrition Follow up Outcomes FURTHER READING Liver disease in cystic fibrosis Introduction Incidence Pathogenesis Risk factors Clinical features of CF liver disease Investigations Management of CF liver disease FURTHER READING Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease Introduction Epidemiology and risk factors Pathogenesis Clinical features and diagnosis Histopathological pattern and new scoring systems Treatment Pharmacological intervention for paediatric NAFLD Insulin sensitizers Hepatoprotective agents Probiotics Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids Promising novel therapeutic approaches Conclusions FURTHER READING End stage liver disease Definition Physical examination and criteria for diagnosing end stage liver disease How common is end stage liver disease Clinical scenarios and differential diagnosis Managing and treating ESLD Prognosis and follow up Prevention Health education Conclusion FURTHER READING