Neotropical Savannas and Seasonally Dry Forests: Plant Diversity, Biogeography, and Conservation (Systematics Association Special Volumes)

Content: An Overview of the Plant Diversity, Biogeography and Conservation of Neotropical Savannas and Seasonally Dry Forests; R. Toby Pennington, Gwilym P. Lewis and James A. Ratter Biodiversity Patterns of the Woody Vegetation of the Brazilian Cerrados; James A. Ratter, Samuel Bridgewater and J. Felipe Ribeiro Observations on the Southern Cerrados and their Relationship with the Core Area; Giselda Durigan Phytogeography of Cerrado Sensu Stricto and Land System Zoning in Central Brazil; Jeanine Maria Felfili, Maria Cristina Felfili, Christopher William Fagg, Alba Valeria Rezende, Paulo Ernane Nogueira, and Manoel Claudio da Silva Junior Flora and Vegetation of the Venezuelan Llanos: A Review; Otto Huber, Rodrigo Duno de Stefano, Gerardo Aymard and Ricarda Riina The Brazilian Caatinga: Phytogeographical Patterns Inferred from Distribution Data of the Leguminosae; Luciano Paganucci de Queiroz Floristic Relationships of Seasonally Dry Forests of Eastern South America Based on Tree Species Distribution Patterns; Ary T. Oliveira-Filho, Joao Andre Jarenkow, Maria Jesus Nogueira Rodal Biogeography of the Forests of the Paraguay-Parana Basin; Rodolphe Spichiger, Bastian Bise, Clement Calenge, and Cyrille Chatelain The Chiquitano Dry Forest, the Transition Between Humid and Dry Forest in Eastern Lowland Bolivia; Timothy J. Killeen, Ezequial Chavez, Marielos Pena-Claros, Marisol Toledo, Luzmila Arroy, Judith Caballero, Lisete Correa, Rene Guillen, Roberto Quevedo, Mario Saldias, Liliana Soria, Ynes Uslar, Israel Vargas and Marc Steininger Inter-Andean Dry Valleys of Bolivia - Floristic Affinities and Patterns of Endemism: Insights from Acanthaceae, Asclepiadaceae and Labiatae; John R. I. Wood Phytogeography and Floristics of Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests in Peru; Reynaldo Linares-Palomino Seasonally Dry Forests of Southern Ecuador in a Continental Context: Insights from Legumes; Gwilym P. Lewis, Bente B. Klitgaard and Brian D. Schrire Mexican and Central American Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests: Chamela-Cuixmala, Jalisco, as a Focal Point for Comparison; Emily J. Lott and Thomas H. Atkinson What Determines Dry Forest Conservation in Mesoamerica? Opportunism and Pragmatism in Mexican and Nicaraguan Protected Areas; James E. Gordon, Evan Bowen-Jones and Marco Antonio Gonzalez Botanical and Ecological Basis for the Resilience of Antillean Dry Forests; Ariel E. Lugo, Ernesto Medina, J. Carlos Trejo-Torres, and Eileen Helmer Diversity, Biogeography and Conservation of Woody Plants in Tropical Dry Forest of South Florida; Thomas W. Gillespie The Late Quaternary Biogeographical History of South American Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests: Insights from Palaeo-Ecological Data; Francis E. Mayle Population Genetics and Inference of Ecosystem History: An Example Using Two Neotropical Seasonally Dry Forest Species; Y. Naciri-Graven, S. Caetano, R.T. Pennington and R. Spichiger Floristic and Geographical Stability of Discontinuous Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests Explains Patterns of Plant Phylogeny and Endemism; Matt Lavin The Seasonally Dry Vegetation of Africa: Parallels and Comparisons with the Neotropics; J. Michael Lock Neotropical Savannas And Seasonally Dry Forests: Plant Diversity, Biogeography, And Conservation......Page 1 The Systematics Association Special Volume Series......Page 2 Preface......Page 5 Contributors......Page 6 Table Of Contents......Page 11 Systematics Association Special Volumes......Page 14 CONTENTS......Page 18 1.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 19 1.2.1 SEASONALLY DRY TROPICAL FORESTS......Page 20 1.2.2 SAVANNAS......Page 23 1.3.1 FLORISTIC COMPOSITION OF NEOTROPICAL SEASONALLY DRY FORESTS......Page 25 1.3.2 SPECIES DISTRIBUTION AND ENDEMISM IN NEOTROPICAL SEASONALLY DRY FORESTS......Page 27 1.3.3 FLORISTIC COMPOSITION, SPECIES DISTRIBUTION AND ENDEMISM IN NEOTROPICAL SAVANNAS......Page 28 1.4 BIOGEOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL SAVANNAS AND SEASONALLY DRY FORESTS......Page 29 1.4.3.1 Dated Phylogenies......Page 30 1.4.4.1 Deep History......Page 31 1.4.4.2 Inter-Continental Biogeographical Links......Page 32 1.4.4.3 Quaternary History......Page 33 1.4.4.4 Molecular Biogeographical Evidence: i Dated Phylogenies......Page 34 1.4.5.1 Deep History......Page 36 1.4.5.3 Quaternary History......Page 37 1.4.5.5 Molecular Biogeographical Evidence: ii Population Genetics......Page 38 1.5.1 SAVANNAS......Page 39 1.5.2 SEASONALLY DRY TROPICAL FORESTS: CONSERVING FRAGMENTS OF FRAGMENTS......Page 40 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 41 REFERENCES......Page 42 ABSTRACT......Page 47 2.2 CERRADO ? ENVIRONMENT AND PHYSIOGNOMY......Page 48 2.3 OVERALL DIVERSITY OF VASCULAR PLANTS OF THE CERRADO BIOME......Page 50 2.3.1 D IVERSITY OF THE L ARGER W OODY S PECIES OF THE C ERRADO S ENSU L ATO......Page 51 2.3.1.1 Most Important Families and Genera......Page 52 2.3.2 A LPHA D IVERSITY OF C ERRADO W OODY V EGETATION......Page 53 2.3.2.1 Comparative Frequency of Woody Species of Cerrado Sensu Lato......Page 54 2.3.3 ORIGIN OF THE PRESENT WOODY CERRADO VEGETATION......Page 56 2.3.3.1 Nature and Numbers of Endemic and Non-Endemic Accessory Species......Page 58 2.3.3.2 Origin of Non-Endemic Accessory Species......Page 60 2.4 PHYTOGEOGRAPHIC PATTERNS OF THE CERRADO BIOME......Page 61 2.5 BIODIVERSITY PATTERNS, CONCLUSION AND SUMMARY......Page 66 2.6 DESTRUCTION OF THE CERRADO AND THE CONSERVATION SITUATION......Page 67 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 69 REFERENCES......Page 70 APPENDIX 1......Page 73 APPENDIX 2......Page 75 APPENDIX 3......Page 82 3.1 GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, AND LATE QUATERNARY HISTORY......Page 83 3.2 THE SOUTHERN CERRADOS......Page 84 3.3 FLORA OF THE SOUTHERN CERRADOS......Page 85 3.4 FACTORS DETERMINING VEGETATION STRUCTURE PHYSIOGNOMY AND FLORISTIC COMPOSITION......Page 88 3.6 THE PHYSIOGNOMIES OF THE SOUTHERN CERRADOS......Page 89 3.7 THE IMPORTANCE OF THE SOUTHERN CERRADOS......Page 90 3.8 DEFORESTATION AND CONSERVATION......Page 91 REFERENCES......Page 92 4.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 94 4.2.2 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSES......Page 96 4.3.1 SPECIES RICHNESS AND ALPHA-DIVERSITY......Page 98 4.3.2 COMMUNITY STRUCTURE......Page 101 4.3.3 BETA-DIVERSITY AND PHYTOGEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS......Page 103 REFERENCES......Page 107 ABSTRACT......Page 110 5.2.1 GEOMORPHOLOGY......Page 111 5.2.3 CLIMATE......Page 113 5.2.4 FLOODING......Page 117 5.2.5 SOILS......Page 118 5.3.1 HISTORY OF BOTANICAL EXPLORATION......Page 119 5.3.2 FLORA OF THE VENEZUELAN LLANOS......Page 122 5.3.3.1 Major Vegetation Types......Page 124 5.3.3.2 Forests......Page 126 5.3.3.3 Savannas......Page 127 5.3.3.4 Shrublands and Matorrales......Page 129 5.4 CONSERVATION AND OUTLOOK......Page 130 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 132 REFERENCES......Page 133 ABSTRACT......Page 136 6.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 137 6.2 MATERIAL AND METHODS......Page 138 6.3.1 ANALYSIS OF FLORISTIC SIMILARITY......Page 145 6.3.2.2 Species of the Caatinga Extending to the Atlantic Rain Forest or to the Cerrado......Page 147 6.3.2.3 Taxa Disjunct among the SDTF Nuclei......Page 148 6.3.2.5.3 Species Endemic to the Southern Sertaneja Depression Figure 6.5......Page 149 6.3.2.5.4 Species Endemic to the Dunes of the São Francisco River Figure 6.6......Page 151 6.3.2.5.5 Species Endemic to the Raso da Catarina Figure 6.6......Page 152 6.3.2.5.6 Species Endemic to the Ibiapaba and Araripe Plateaux Figure 6.6......Page 153 6.3.2.5.8 Species Endemic to Seasonally Flooded Depressions Figure 6.7......Page 154 6.3.2.5.9 Species with a Disjunct Distribution......Page 155 6.4.1 DIVERSITY OF THE LEGUMINOSAE AND LINKS WITH OTHER FLORAS......Page 156 6.4.2 CENTRES OF ENDEMISM......Page 158 6.4.3 THE MAIN PHYTOGEOGRAPHICAL UNITS AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR THE RECONSTRUCTION OF THE HISTORY OF THE CAATINGA......Page 160 6.4.4 IMPLICATIONS FOR CONSERVATION......Page 164 6.5 CONCLUSIONS......Page 166 REFERENCES......Page 167 ABSTRACT......Page 173 7.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 174 7.2.1 PREPARATION AND REVISION OF THE DATABASES......Page 176 7.2.2 VEGETATION CLASSIFICATION......Page 179 7.2.3 MULTIVARIATE ANALYSES......Page 180 7.2.4 CONDENSED FLORISTIC DATA......Page 181 7.3.1 MULTIVARIATE ANALYSES......Page 182 7.3.2 ANALYSES OF CONDENSED FLORISTIC INFORMATION......Page 185 7.4 DISCUSSION......Page 192 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 198 REFERENCES......Page 199 APPENDIX: MOST FREQUENT SPECIES "攀㜀 ─ 伀䘀 䌀䠀䔀䌀䬀䰀䤀匀吀匀 IN THE TREE FLORA OF SELECTED SDTF FORMATIONS OF EASTERN SOUTH AMERICA......Page 201 ABSTRACT......Page 207 8.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 208 8.2.1 METHOD......Page 209 8.2.2 RESULTS......Page 212 8.2.2.2 Paranean Flora......Page 214 8.3.1 RESULTS......Page 215 8.4 FLORISTIC HISTORY OF SOUTH AMERICA IN GENERAL, AND THE ECOTONAL STATUS OF THE PARAGUAY-PARANÁ BASIN IN PARTICULAR......Page 216 8.4.2.1 Methods and Results......Page 217 8.4.2.2 Discussion......Page 218 8.4.3.2 Discussion......Page 220 CONCLUSION......Page 221 REFERENCES......Page 223 ABSTRACT......Page 226 9.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 227 9.2 METHODS......Page 229 9.3 RESULTS......Page 231 9.4.1 BIOGEOGRAPHY AND ENDEMISM......Page 238 9.4.2 ALPHA AND BETA DIVERSITY......Page 241 9.4.4 CONSERVATION......Page 244 REFERENCES......Page 245 ABSTRACT......Page 247 10.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 248 10.2.1 THE YUNGAS OF L A PAZ......Page 249 10.2.3 THE RIO PILCOMAYO VALLEY SYSTEM......Page 250 10.3 FLORISTIC AFFINITIES AND ENDEMISM BY FAMILY......Page 251 10.3.1 LABIATAE......Page 252 10.3.2 ASCLEPIADACEAE......Page 253 10.3.3 ACANTHACEAE......Page 257 10.4.2 LINKS AROUND THE PLEISTOCENIC ARC......Page 260 10.4.3 AMPHITROPICAL DISTRIBUTIONS......Page 262 10.5.1 ENDEMISM IN ISOLATED VALLEYS......Page 263 10.5.3 ENDEMICS OF THE RÍO GRANDE BASIN......Page 264 10.6.2 FLORISTIC AFFINITIES......Page 265 10.6.3 CONSERVATION PRIORITIES......Page 266 REFERENCES......Page 267 ABSTRACT......Page 269 11.2.2 DISTRIBUTION AND BIOGEOGRAPHY......Page 270 11.3.1 CLIMATE AND SOILS......Page 272 11.3.2 PERUVIAN FORESTS......Page 274 11.3.2.1 The Equatorial Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests......Page 276 11.3.2.2 The Inter-Andean Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests......Page 280 11.3.2.3 The Eastern Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests......Page 281 11.4 BIOGEOGRAPHICAL RELATIONSHIPS OF PERUVIAN SEASONALLY DRY TROPICAL FORESTS......Page 282 11.4.1 BIOGEOGRAPHIC RELATIONSHIPS AMONG PERUVIAN SEASONALLY DRY TROPICAL FORESTS......Page 283 11.4.2 BIOGEOGRAPHIC RELATIONSHIPS OF PERUVIAN SEASONALLY DRY TROPICAL FORESTS......Page 285 11.4.3 ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF THE SEASONALLY DRY TROPICAL FORESTS IN PERU......Page 286 11.5 CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT ISSUES......Page 287 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 288 REFERENCES......Page 289 CONTENTS......Page 292 12.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 293 12.1.1 AFFINITIES OF SOUTHERN ECUADOREAN SEASONALLY DR T ROPICAL FORESTS : A GLOBAL LEGUME SUCCULENT BIOME......Page 294 12.1.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE SEASONALLY DRY TROPICAL FORESTS OF SOUTHERN ECUADOR......Page 300 12.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS......Page 303 12.3.1.2 Less Narrowly Restricted Ecuadorean SDTF Woody Legume Endemics......Page 304 12.3.1.3 Tumbesian Endemics: SDTF Woody Legume Taxa Restricted to Southern Ecuador and Northern Peru Here Combining Coastal and Inter-Andean SDTF......Page 305 12.3.2.2 An Ecuador-Peru-Colombia SDTF Distribution Pattern......Page 308 12.3.2.3 An Ecuador-Peru-Colombia-Venezuela SDTF Pattern......Page 310 12.3.2.5 A Circum-Amazonian Disjunct SDTF Pattern......Page 311 12.3.2.6 A Disjunct Neotropical SDTF Pattern that Includes South and Central America, Mexico and the Caribbean......Page 315 12.4.1 DISCUSSION: HOW ARE SEASONALLY DRY TROPICAL FOREST WOODY LEGUME DISTRIBUTIONS BEST EXPLAINED?......Page 317 12.5 CONSERVATION......Page 320 12.6 CONCLUSIONS......Page 321 REFERENCES......Page 322 CONTENTS......Page 326 13.2 SUBTYPES WITHIN SEASONALLY DRY TROPICAL FOREST......Page 327 13.3 DISTRIBUTION OF SDTF IN MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA......Page 328 13.3.1.2 Yucatán Peninsula......Page 329 13.3.2.3 Central Pacific Slope......Page 330 13.3.4 CENTRAL AMERICA......Page 332 13.4.1.1 Mexico-Wide Studies......Page 333 13.4.3 CENTRAL AMERICAN STUDIES......Page 335 13.5 COMPOSITION AND DIVERSITY OF THE CHAMELA FLORA......Page 336 13.5.1.1 Families......Page 337 13.5.2.1 Trees 229 Species......Page 338 13.5.2.4 Epiphytes 40 Species......Page 339 13.6.1 PACIFIC SLOPE......Page 340 13.6.1.2 Jalisco Only......Page 343 13.6.1.3 Central Coast Jalisco-Oaxaca......Page 344 13.6.1.6 Conclusions on the Endemic Element of the Pacific Slope......Page 346 13.6.3.1 Distribution and Life Forms......Page 347 13.6.5 BIOGEOGRAPHICAL CONCLUSIONS......Page 348 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 349 REFERENCES......Page 350 ABSTRACT......Page 354 14.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 355 14.2 BIOGEOGRAPHY......Page 356 14.3.2 SDTF CONSERVATION IN OAXACA, MEXICO......Page 358 14.3.2.1 Huatulco National Park......Page 359 14.3.2.2 Community Protected Areas in Huatulco......Page 360 14.3.3.1 The Biological Importance of Chacocente......Page 361 14.3.3.3 Current Management of the Reserve......Page 362 14.4 DISCUSSION......Page 363 REFERENCES......Page 366 ABSTRACT......Page 369 15.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 370 15.2 THE ENVIRONMENT OF ANTILLEAN DRY FORESTS......Page 371 15.3 FLORISTICS......Page 372 15.4 RESILIENCE OF ANTILLEAN DRY FORESTS......Page 374 15.5.1 COMMUNITY ATTRIBUTES......Page 376 15.5.2.2 Phenology......Page 377 15.5.2.3 Nutrients......Page 380 15.5.2.4 Limestone Substrates......Page 381 15.6 VEGETATION ON CALCIUM CARBONATE-RICH SUBSTRATES......Page 382 15.7 THE DISTRIBUTION, AREA AND CONSERVATION STATUS OF CARIBBEAN DRY FORESTS......Page 383 15.8 FUTURE FORESTS: ALIEN AND ENDEMIC SPECIES COEXISTING?......Page 385 REFERENCES......Page 387 16.1 TROPICAL DRY FORESTS OF SOUTH FLORIDA......Page 392 16.2 HISTORICAL BIOGEOGRAPHY......Page 393 16.3 OBJECTIVES AND METHODS......Page 394 16.4 SPECIES RICHNESS......Page 395 16.5 FLORISTIC COMPOSITION......Page 396 16.6 NATURAL HISTORY CHARACTERISTICS......Page 397 16.7 FOREST STRUCTURE......Page 398 16.8.1 CONSERVATION STATUS OF SPECIES......Page 399 16.8.2 CONSERVATION STATUS OF FRAGMENTS......Page 401 REFERENCES......Page 402 ABSTRACT......Page 404 17.2 DRY FOREST REFUGIA HYPOTHESIS......Page 405 17.3.1 SDTF POLLEN SIGNAL......Page 408 17.3.2.1 Laguna Chaplin......Page 409 17.3.3 THE CAATINGA OF NORTH -EASTERN BRAZIL......Page 411 17.3.3.1 Fossil Pollen Data......Page 412 17.3.4 THE SDTF OF SOUTH-EASTERN BRAZIL......Page 414 17.3.5.1 The Cauca Valley......Page 415 17.4 LATE QUATERNARY VEGETATION HISTORY OF THE AMAZON RAIN FOREST......Page 418 17.5.2 THE CAATINGA OF NORTH-EASTERN BRAZIL......Page 420 17.5.4 THE SDTF OF THE COLOMBIAN ANDES......Page 421 17.6.2 MIGRATION/LONG-DISTANCE DISPERSAL?......Page 422 17.7 CONCLUSIONS......Page 423 REFERENCES......Page 424 ABSTRACT......Page 426 18.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 427 18.2.1 SPECIES CHOICE......Page 429 18.2.2.1 Microsatellite Markers......Page 430 18.2.3.1 Population Genetics......Page 431 18.2.3.2 Coalescence Theory......Page 432 18.3.1 NUCLEAR MARKERS: MICROSATELLITES FOR THE TWO SPECIES......Page 433 18.3.2 CHLOROPLAST MARKERS FOR ASTRONIUM URUNDEUVA......Page 434 18.4.1 WHAT HISTORY FOR THE TWO SPECIES?......Page 435 18.4.2 INFERENCES RELATING TO ECOSYSTEM HISTORY......Page 436 REFERENCES......Page 437 ABSTRACT......Page 442 19.2 METHODS......Page 443 19.2.2 MEASURE OF GEOGRAPHICAL PHYLOGENETIC STRUCTURE......Page 444 19.3 RESULTS......Page 446 19.4 DISCUSSION......Page 451 19.5 CONCLUSION......Page 454 REFERENCES......Page 455 CONTENTS......Page 457 20.2.1 SEASONALLY DRY VEGETATION......Page 458 20.2.3 SEASONALLY DRY FORESTS......Page 459 20.3.1 BASIC GEOGRAPHY......Page 461 20.3.3 HUMAN SETTLEMENT AND HISTORY......Page 462 20.3.5 DOMESTIC ANIMALS......Page 463 20.4.1 SEASONALLY DRY FORESTS......Page 464 20.4.2 WOODLAND......Page 466 20.4.3 BUSHLAND AND THICKET......Page 468 20.4.3.3 Caatinga......Page 469 20.4.4.2 Seasonally Inundated Grasslands......Page 470 20.4.5.1 Campo de Murundus......Page 471 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 472 REFERENCES......Page 473 COLOUR FIGURE 1.1......Page 476 COLOUR FIGURE 5.2......Page 477 COLOUR FIGURE 5.6......Page 478 COLOUR FIGURE 7.1......Page 479 COLOUR FIGURE 12.1......Page 480 COLOUR FIGURE 12.8......Page 481 COLOUR FIGURE 15.3......Page 482 COLOUR FIGURE 19.5......Page 483 Annotation More often than not, when people think of a neotropical forest, what comes to mind is a rain forest, rather than a dry forest. Just as typically, when they imagine a savanna, they visualize the African plains, rather than those dry woodlands and grasslands found in the Neotropics. These same preconceptions can be found among scientists, as these neotropical biomes receive nowhere near the attention they should - in terms of both research and conservation -considering the amount of land they encompass and the diversity of vegetation they contain. Neotropical Savannas and Dry Forests: Plant Diversity, Biogeography, and Conservation provides an engaging synthesis of information on the plant diversity and geography, as well as the conservation status, of these species-rich areas. This impressive compilation is the result of a plant diversity symposium that took place during an international conference on tropical savannas and seasonally dry forests held in 2003. Fifty leading scientists, representing a variety of disciplines have contributed to the chapters of this book in an effort to address three questions: What are the patterns of diversity, species-richness and endemism of the floras of neotropical seasonally dry forest and savannas? How and why did this endemism and diversity arise? Are these ecosystems adequately protected and, if not, which areas should be elevated into priorities for conservation, and how can this be best achieved? This work is the first extensive compilation of the patterns of plant biodiversity in these neotropical ecosystems. The overview also provides a summary of what is known of their evolutionary history, including an examination of the links to the development of analogous vegetation in Africa. In contrast to previously published titles that emphasize ecology and physiology, this work focuses on plant biodiversity and reviews molecular phylogenetic and molecular population genetic approaches to discovering biogeographic history.