Neoendogenous Development In European Rural Areas: Results And Lessons (springer Geography)

This book is one of the main outcomes of the projects “Development Programmes and Rural Change in the European Union: governance, results and lessons to share”and “Successes and failures in the practice of neoendogenous rural development in the European Union (1991-2013)”, funded both of them by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness. This publication aims, on one side, to clarify and deepen the knowledge of the social, economic and territorial effects of the LEADER approach, and, on the other, to analyze the importante of the participation of several stakeholders (young people and women) as well as some traditional activities –agriculture- or modern ones (tourism) linked all of them to the rich cultural and natural heritage of these areas. It also provides an in-depth study of the causes that lead to the generation of successful projects in the practice of neoendogenous rural development and also explores the reasons that cause certain projects to fail in the path towards LEADER support so that they are finally not implemented. In addition, it is shown the problems, results and best practices that cause the neoendogenous rural development in different areas inside of the European Union: Austria, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Spain and United Kingdom. Thereby it helps to improve the decision-making in rural development, both on a local and regional scale. The multidisciplinary and international character of the authors, as well as the specificity of the research trajectory of each of them, in the analysis of rural development, enriches the publication and facilitates the different and critical reflections on the contributions, errors and meaning of the neoendogenous local development. Researchers in this discipline and technicians working in the practice of rural development along the European Union are the main audience of the book. Foreword 6 References 11 Acknowledgements 13 Contents 14 Editors and Contributors 16 Framework of Rural Development and Its Policies 19 1 Neoendogenous Rural Development in Mountain Areas 20 Introduction 21 The Increasing Focus on Mountain–Lowland Interaction 22 Limitations of Policy Response 25 Direction and Potential of Local Initiatives 29 Conclusions 32 References 34 2 Rural Social Innovation and Neo-endogenous Rural Development 37 Introduction 37 Neo-endogenous Development and Social Innovation 38 Methodology 41 Policy Overview 42 Findings 43 Local Governance 43 Rural Development Outcomes 44 Conclusions 46 References 47 3 Territorial Governance and Rural Development: Challenge or Reality? 49 Rural Development as a Context for Territorial Governance 50 The LEADER Programme and Community-Led Local Development (CLLD) as an Expression of Territorial Rural Development 51 Territorial Governance: Key Dimensions for Its Development and Implementation 53 Coordinating the Actions of Stakeholders and Institutions 55 Integrating Policy Sectors 57 Involving Appropriate Stakeholders and Mobilising Their Participation 59 The Ability to Adapt to Changing Contexts and Pursue a Shared Understanding 61 Defining the Appropriate Territory for Effective Territorial Governance 61 Territorial Governance and Territorial Rural Development: Challenge or Reality? 63 Territorial Governance of Rural Areas: An Achievable Ideal? 63 Territorial Rural Governance as a Challenge 67 Other Barriers Preventing Proper Implementation and Development of Territorial Rural Governance 69 Difficulties in Implementing Adequate Territorial Governance: Practical Examples 71 References 74 Comparative Studies 77 4 Public Action and Territorial Development: The LEADER Approach in the Recomposition of Rural Spaces in Languedoc-Roussillon (France) and Andalusia (Spain) 78 Introduction 79 Concepts and Methods of Analysis 81 Territorial Capital as a Concept for Analysis 81 Textual Analysis and Multivariate Statistical Analysis 83 Stage 1: Measuring Rural Change. A Statistical Assessment of Rural Change in the Areas Covered by the LEADER 2007–2013 Initiative in Languedoc-Roussillon and Andalusia 85 Sociodemographic Dynamics 85 Dynamics of Socioeconomic Integration 88 Stage 2: Identifying the Strategic Options for the LAGs. Territorial Development Issues and the Definition of LEADER Action: Strategic Priorities of the LAGs 88 Stage 3: Measuring the Link Between Public Action and Rural Development. Territorial Development and LEADER Action 92 The Different Ways of Activating Territorial Resources 93 The Different Ways of Managing Local Action 96 Conclusions 98 References 99 5 Territorial Distribution of Projects Within the LEADER Approach (2007–2013) in Extremadura and Andalusia 102 Introduction 102 Methodology and Sources 103 Results 104 Extremadura 104 Andalusia 112 The LEADER a Programme 2007–2013 in Andalusia 117 Comparative Analysis Extremadura/Andalusia 120 Conclusions 122 References 123 6 Social Innovation, Territorial Capital and LEADER Experiences in Andalusia (Spain) and in Molise (Italy) 125 Introduction 126 Social Innovation 127 Social Innovation and Territorial Capital 129 Social Innovation, Territorial Capital and the LEADER Approach 131 The Case of Huéscar (Andalusia) 134 The Case of Castel del Giudice (Molise) 138 Conclusions 142 References 143 7 Transnational Cooperation—The Underutilized Potential of the European LEADER Method 146 Introduction 146 Transnational Cooperation in EU Rural Development Policy 147 The Neo-endogenous View of Transnational Cooperation 148 Materials and Methods 150 Analysis and Results 151 The Evolution of LEADER—Proliferating Nodes for Cooperative Action 151 The Modest Progress and Uneven Distribution of Transnational Cooperation Projects 153 Understanding the Differences—Insights from Finland and Spain 156 Bottlenecks and the Benefits of Transnational Cooperation 157 Conclusions 159 References 160 8 The Role of Agriculture in Rural Development in Spain and Italy Within the Framework of the LEADER 2007–2013 Programming Period 162 Introduction 162 The Role of Agriculture in the Structure for the 2007–2013 Programming Period 164 Agriculture in Italian Rural Development Programmes 171 Agriculture in Rural Development Programmes in Spain 179 Comparing the Data from Spain and Italy 187 Conclusions 189 References 191 9 The Importance of Tourism in Rural Development in Spain and Germany 194 The Difficulties in Defining/Characterizing Rural Tourism and the Reasons Behind Its Growth 194 Difficulties in Defining/Characterizing Rural Tourist 195 Reasons that Have Encouraged the Growth in Rural Tourism 196 The Role of Tourism Projects in the LEADER Programme. Case Studies of the Regions of Andalusia (Spain) and North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW) (Germany) 199 The Role of Tourism Projects in the Evolution of LEADER: The Case of Andalusia (Spain) 200 The Role of Tourism Projects in the Evolution of LEADER: The Case of the North Rhine-Westphalia Region (NRW) in Germany 203 Importance and Impact of Tourism on Rural Development in LEADER 2007–2013 in Southern Spain and Western Germany 206 The Case of Andalusia 206 The Case of North Rhine-Westphalia 209 Rural Tourism in the LEADER 2014–2020 Initiative: The Current Situation 212 A New Direction for European Rural Development 212 Rural Tourism Diluted Amongst the Priorities of the Second Pillar of the CAP 213 Conclusions and Perspectives 215 References 217 The Andalusian Case 219 10 Young and Women Entrepreneurs in Neo-endogenous Development 220 Introduction 220 Sources and Methodology 223 Results and Discussion 224 The Role Played by Private Entrepreneurs 224 The Role of Individual Entrepreneurs: Women and Young People 226 Conclusions 241 References 243 11 Employment and Job Creation in the LEADER Approach 246 Introduction 247 Rural Development in the Mediterranean 248 The Case of Andalusia 250 Living Conditions, Employment and Rural Development in Andalusia 254 Lands of Opportunity: New Approaches and Perspectives 256 Discussion and Conclusions 259 References 260 12 Agrarian Heritage as an Example of the Sustainable and Dynamic Use of Natural Resources. LEADER Projects in Andalusia 2007–2013 262 Introduction 263 State of the Art 264 Heritage as a Key Dimension in Rural Development 264 The Role of LEADER in Heritage Management 266 Sources and Methodology 268 Results and Discussion 270 Projects and Investment 270 Job Creation by Age and Sex 275 Where Is the Money Invested? Thematic Areas 280 Project Promoters 283 Qualitative Dimension of the Projects 287 Conclusions 290 References 291 13 Failed Projects. Initiatives that Did not Receive Funding from the LEADER Programme 294 Introduction 294 Material, Method and Study Area 295 Results 297 Analysis According to the Type of Beneficiary 297 The Spatial Distribution of Privately Promoted Projects 299 Analysis at a Sub-Regional Scale (Two Lags) of the Stage of the Process at Which the Projects Failed and the Reasons for Failure 301 Discussion 305 Conclusions 307 References 308 Conclusions 309 14 Experiences and Shared Lessons 310 Front Matter ....Pages i-xix Front Matter ....Pages 1-1 Neoendogenous Rural Development in Mountain Areas (Thomas Dax)....Pages 3-19 Rural Social Innovation and Neo-endogenous Rural Development (Gary Bosworth, Liz Price, Ville Hakulinen, Susan Marango)....Pages 21-32 Territorial Governance and Rural Development: Challenge or Reality? (Javier Esparcia, Fatemeh Abbasi)....Pages 33-60 Front Matter ....Pages 61-61 Public Action and Territorial Development: The LEADER Approach in the Recomposition of Rural Spaces in Languedoc-Roussillon (France) and Andalusia (Spain) (Guillaume Lacquement, Pascal Chevalier, Francisco Navarro, Eugenio Cejudo)....Pages 63-86 Territorial Distribution of Projects Within the LEADER Approach (2007–2013) in Extremadura and Andalusia (José Antonio Cañete, Ana Nieto, Eugenio Cejudo, Gema Cárdenas)....Pages 87-109 Social Innovation, Territorial Capital and LEADER Experiences in Andalusia (Spain) and in Molise (Italy) (Marilena Labianca, Stefano De Rubertis, Angelo Belliggiano, Angelo Salento, Francisco Navarro)....Pages 111-131 Transnational Cooperation—The Underutilized Potential of the European LEADER Method (Päivi Pylkkänen, Torsti Hyyryläinen, Francisco Navarro)....Pages 133-148 The Role of Agriculture in Rural Development in Spain and Italy Within the Framework of the LEADER 2007–2013 Programming Period (Angelo Belliggiano, Eugenio Cejudo, Stefano De Rubertis)....Pages 149-180 The Importance of Tourism in Rural Development in Spain and Germany (Juan Carlos Maroto-Martos, Andreas Voth, Aida Pinos-Navarrete)....Pages 181-205 Front Matter ....Pages 207-207 Young and Women Entrepreneurs in Neo-endogenous Development (Eugenio Cejudo, Francisco Navarro, José Antonio Cañete)....Pages 209-234 Employment and Job Creation in the LEADER Approach (José Antonio Camacho, Mercedes Rodríguez, Luis Miguel Sánchez)....Pages 235-250 Agrarian Heritage as an Example of the Sustainable and Dynamic Use of Natural Resources. LEADER Projects in Andalusia 2007–2013 (Eugenio Cejudo, Francisco Toro, José Castillo)....Pages 251-282 Failed Projects. Initiatives that Did not Receive Funding from the LEADER Programme (Francisco Navarro, José Antonio Cañete, Eugenio Cejudo)....Pages 283-297 Front Matter ....Pages 299-299 Experiences and Shared Lessons (Francisco Navarro, Eugenio Cejudo)....Pages 301-304