Neighborhoods, Communities and Child Maltreatment: A Global Perspective (Child Maltreatment, 15)

This volume explores methods for studying child maltreatment in the context of neighborhoods and communities, given their importance in the lives of families. It discusses the ways in which neighborhoods have changed over time and how this that has impacted parenting in the modern context. It also highlights the ways in which policies have contributed to persistent poverty and inequality, which indirectly impacts child maltreatment. An important focus of this volume is to examine the multitude of ways in which the neighborhood context affects families, including structural factors like poverty, segregation, residential instability, and process factors like social cohesion. The volume takes a critical look at the ways in which culture and context affect maltreatment through a community-based approach, and uses this approach to understand child maltreatment in rural areas. The editors and contributors explore innovative prevention approaches and reflect on the future of this field interms of what remains unknown, how the information should be used to guide policy in the future, and how practitioners can best support parents while being mindful of the importance of context. Addressing an important topic, this volume is of relevance and interest to a wide readership of scholars and students in the social and behavioral sciences, as well as to practitioners and policy makers working with neighborhoods and communities. Acknowledgment Contents Chapter 1: Communities ́ Essential Role in Protecting Children from Maltreatment 1.1 Background 1.2 Neighborhoods and Child Maltreatment 1.3 An Orientation to This Book References Chapter 2: The Spatio-temporal Epidemiology of Child Maltreatment: Using Bayesian Hierarchical Models to Assess Neighborhood I... 2.1 Spatio-temporals Models in the Study of Social Problems: A Brief Landscape 2.1.1 Origins of Spatial and Spatio-temporal Models 2.1.2 Spatio-temporal Models and Social Problems 2.2 Modeling Spatial Influences in the Study of Child Maltreatment 2.2.1 Why Measure Spatial Structure? 2.2.2 The Selection of Study Area: A Complex Issue 2.2.3 Bayesian Hierarchical Models: BYM Models 2.2.4 Assessing the Shared Component Between Outcomes: A Bayesian Joint Modeling 2.2.5 A Practical Example of Bayesian Hierarchical Spatial Models 2.3 Introducing Time in the Spatial Modeling of Child Maltreatment 2.3.1 The Advantages of Incorporating Space and Time 2.4 Dealing with the Time Period 2.4.1 Bayesian Hierarchical Spatio-temporal Modeling 2.4.2 A Practical Example of Bayesian Hierarchical Spatio-temporal Modeling 2.5 Conclusions 2.5.1 Contributions of the Spatio-temporal Models to the Study of Child Maltreatment in the Neighborhood 2.5.2 The Future of Spatio-temporal Modeling in the Study of Child Maltreatment References Chapter 3: The Impact of Place-Based Services on Child Maltreatment: Evaluation Through Big Data Linkage and Analytics 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Place-Based Initiatives 3.3 Evaluations of Place-Based Initiatives 3.3.1 Managing Bias Via Randomization, When Evaluating PBIs 3.3.2 Measuring the Level of Intervention: The Dichotomies of Control 3.3.3 Individual and Community Level of Analysis 3.3.4 Interpreting Evaluations of PBIs 3.4 Big Data to the Rescue? 3.4.1 Data Linkage 3.4.2 Choice of Variables 3.5 Implications, for the Use of Data Analytics 3.6 Expert Insights into the Use of Big Data in Social Policy Contexts 3.6.1 Sharing Data 3.6.2 Data Linkage, in General 3.6.3 What Experts Had to Say About Trust 3.7 Conclusions and Policy Implications References Chapter 4: Racism and the Racialization of U.S. Neighborhoods: Impacts on Child Maltreatment and Child Maltreatment Reporting 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Redlining and Its Lasting Impacts on Neighborhood Disadvantage 4.3 Neighborhood Disadvantage and Child Maltreatment 4.4 Neighborhood Disadvantage and Uneven Reporting of Child Maltreatment 4.5 Conclusion References Chapter 5: Culture, Religion, and Spirituality in Understanding Child Maltreatment: Perceptions of Parents and Professionals i... 5.1 Introduction 5.2 The Ultra-Orthodox Community 5.2.1 Childhood in Ultra-Orthodox Communities 5.2.2 Child Risk, Maltreatment, and Protection in Ultra-Orthodox Communities 5.3 Child Sexual Abuse in the Ultra-Orthodox Community: The Perspective of Therapists 5.3.1 The Value of Modesty and the Lack of Discourse on Sexuality in the Context of Child Sexual Abuse 5.3.2 The Encounter between Two Languages: The Traditional Language of Ultra-Orthodox Judaism and the Western Language of Trea... 5.4 Corporal Punishment in the Ultra-Orthodox Community: Perceptions of Fathers and Social Workers 5.5 Concluding Remarks References Chapter 6: Structural Inequalities, Neighbourhoods and Protecting Children 6.1 Scene Setting: The National and Socioeconomic Context 6.2 Conceptualizing Neighbourhood and Community 6.3 The Study 6.3.1 Social Infrastructure 6.3.2 Access to Social Infrastructure, Disadvantage and Family Life 6.3.3 Sociality 6.3.4 Informal and Formal Services 6.4 Locating the Findings Within Trends in Child Protection 6.5 Concluding Remarks References Chapter 7: Measuring Informal Social Control in Child Maltreatment: From ``Whether ́ ́ to ``How, ́ ́ from One-Off to Sustained, fr... 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Overview of Informal Social Control: Theory and Measurement 7.3 Measuring Informal Social Control of Child Maltreatment: From Whether to How? 7.4 Emery ́s Informal Social Control of Child Maltreatment Scale (ISC_CM) 7.4.1 Extending the Context Based ISC_CM Model to Neglect 7.4.2 Introducing a Sustained Dimension of Informal Social Control of Child Maltreatment 7.4.3 Community Dimension of Informal Social Control of Child Maltreatment 7.5 Inconsistencies of Empirical Findings with the Rational Deterrence Framework 7.6 Implications for Theory Building 7.7 Conclusion References Chapter 8: Neighborhood Effects on Child Maltreatment in Rural Areas 8.1 Child Maltreatment in Urban and Rural Areas 8.2 Rural Neighborhoods and Child Maltreatment 8.2.1 Rurality and Social Disorganization Theory 8.2.2 Rural and Urban Poverty 8.2.3 Rural and Urban Residential Instability 8.2.4 Rural and Urban Ethnic Heterogeneity 8.3 Rurality and Collective Efficacy 8.3.1 Rural and Urban Social Cohesion 8.3.2 Rural and Urban Informal Social Control 8.4 Special Characteristics of Rural Areas 8.5 Challenges of Assessing Neighborhood Effects in Rural Areas 8.6 Conclusion References Chapter 9: Community Interventions for Preventing Child Abuse and Neglect: Lessons for Expansion 9.1 The Community and Child Abuse and Neglect: Theoretical Aspects 9.1.1 The Ecological Theory of Human Development 9.1.2 Person-in Environment 9.1.3 Social Disorganization and Collective Efficacy Theory 9.2 Studies Examining the Influence of the Community on Child Abuse and Neglect 9.3 Community Interventions for Reducing Child Abuse and Neglect 9.4 Selection of Community Intervention Programs 9.4.1 CPPC-Community Partnerships for Protecting Children 9.4.1.1 Program Background 9.4.1.2 Central Activities and Services 9.4.1.3 Best Practices 9.4.1.4 Program Evaluation Method 9.4.1.5 Intervention Results 9.4.2 Strong Communities 9.4.2.1 Program Background 9.4.2.2 Central Activities and Services 9.4.2.3 Best Practices 9.4.2.4 Program Evaluation Method 9.4.2.5 Intervention Results 9.4.3 The Durham Family Initiative 9.4.3.1 Program Background 9.4.3.2 Central Activities and Services 9.4.3.3 Best Practices 9.4.3.4 Program Evaluation Method 9.4.3.5 Intervention Results 9.4.4 Play a Part 9.4.4.1 Program Background 9.4.4.2 Central Activities and Services 9.4.4.3 Best Practices 9.4.4.4 Program Evaluation Method 9.4.4.5 Intervention Results 9.5 Primary Advantages of the Community Interventions 9.6 Primary Drawbacks of Community Interventions and their Replicability 9.7 Refining Community Interventions for Child Abuse and Neglect 9.7.1 Systematic Implementation 9.7.2 Improved Data Collection and Documentation 9.7.3 Systematic Evaluation 9.7.4 Expanding Individual EBP Interventions to the Community 9.8 Summary References Chapter 10: Communities ́ Lockdown and the Challenge of Keeping Children Safe: What Have We Learned from the COVID-19 Pandemic? 10.1 Evidence to Changes in Child Maltreatment During COVID-19 10.2 Communities and Child Protection During COVID-19 10.2.1 Intersectionality 10.3 Supporting Communities During COVID-19 10.3.1 Community Development: A Universal Approach 10.3.2 Communities as Partners in Child Protection 10.3.3 Adaptation of Services 10.4 Conclusions References Chapter 11: Neighborhoods and Child Maltreatment: Looking to the Future 11.1 Next Steps in Research 11.2 Policy Considerations 11.2.1 Fund Neighborhood-Based Initiatives 11.2.2 Provide Economic Relief 11.2.3 Address Disparities 11.3 Conclusion References This volume explores methods for studying child maltreatment in the context of neighborhoods and communities, given their importance in the lives of families. It discusses the ways in which neighborhoods have changed over time and how this that has impacted parenting in the modern context. It also highlights the ways in which policies have contributed to persistent poverty and inequality, which indirectly impacts child maltreatment. An important focus of this volume is to examine the multitude of ways in which the neighborhood context affects families, including structural factors like poverty, segregation, residential instability, and process factors like social cohesion. The volume takes a critical look at the ways in which culture and context affect maltreatment through a community-based approach, and uses this approach to understand child maltreatment in rural areas. The editors and contributors explore innovative prevention approaches and reflect on the future of this field in terms of what remains unknown, how the information should be used to guide policy in the future, and how practitioners can best support parents while being mindful of the importance of context. Addressing an important topic, this volume is of relevance and interest to a wide readership of scholars and students in the social and behavioral sciences, as well as to practitioners and policy makers working with neighborhoods and communities