Neglected Tropical Diseases - Sub-Saharan Africa, 2e (Jun 8, 2024)_(3031539001)_(Springer)

This fully updated and expanded second edition provides an overview of the major neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) occurring in sub-Saharan Africa, such as leishmaniasis, buruli ulcer, schistosomiasis and many more. The well-structured chapters explore in detail the epidemiology and biology of these parasitic diseases. Diagnostic and therapeutic approaches as well as prevention strategies are also reviewed. Furthermore, the book discusses the burden of disease in sub-Saharan Africa, taking into account the social and economic impact on the region and its health system. The book is aimed at researchers, advanced students and clinicians working on infectious diseases, tropical medicine and parasitology, and is a must-read for scientists specialising in the particularities of the sub-Saharan region. Foreword to the Second Edition Preface Acknowledgments About the Book Contents About the Editors An Overview of Neglected Tropical Diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa Introduction Better Understanding the Diseases Improved Delivery Mechanisms and Opportunities for Integration Investment Case NTDs and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Moral, Political, and Social Determinants Drug Donations and Supply Chain Control, Eliminate, or Eradicate? The Role of Research The WHO 2030 NTD Roadmap NTDs and Climate Change Conclusion References Buruli Ulcer in Sub-Saharan Africa Introduction Definition Epidemiology Geographical Distribution Burden of the Disease in Sub-Saharan Africa Public Health Impact in Sub-Saharan Africa Reservoir and Transmission Hypotheses Pathogenesis Clinical Characteristics Complications and Sequelae Clinical Diagnosis Biology Other Useful Exploration Methods Differential Diagnosis Control Tools and Strategies Chemotherapy-Based Strategies Other Treatment Surgery Wound and Scar Management Prevention of Disabilities Challenges of Program Implementation Further Research for Policy and Control Outlook for the Next Decade References Dracunculiasis (Guinea Worm Disease) Introduction Biology and Life Cycle Clinical Presentation The Disease Burden and Epidemiology Control Tools and Eradication Strategies Modified Intervention Indices to Reflect Variable Modes of Transmission Challenges Toward Eradication of Guinea Worm Disease Country Specific Reports Chad Mali South Sudan Angola Cameroon Ethiopia Central African Republic Need for Further Research for Additional Control Measures Conclusion and Outlook References Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) Epidemiology of the Disease Public Health Impact in Sub-Saharan Africa Biology Vector and Parasite Life Cycle Mode of Transmission Pathogenesis Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Treatment Control Tools and Strategies Challenges of Program Implementation Further Research for Policy and Control Outlook for the Next Decade References Leishmaniasis in Sub-Saharan Africa Introduction Part 1: Visceral Leishmaniasis in Sub-Saharan Africa Geographical Distribution Transmission Pattern, Incidence, and Burden of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Sub-Saharan Africa Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Sub-Saharan Africa Clinical Features, Complications, and Comorbidities Diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis Treatment of Visceral Leishmaniasis HIV–Visceral Leishmania Coinfection in Sub-Saharan Africa Sand Flies Transmitting Visceral Leishmaniasis in Sub-Saharan Africa Animal Reservoirs of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Sub-Saharan Africa Future Perspectives of Visceral Leishmaniasis Control and Research in Sub-Saharan Africa Part 2: Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Sub-Saharan Africa Species and Geographical Distribution Transmission Pattern, Incidence, and Burden of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Sub-Saharan Africa Clinical Features, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Sub-Saharan Africa Localized Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Mucocutaneous and Mucosal Leishmaniasis Diffuse Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Diagnosis of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis HIV–Cutaneous Leishmania Coinfection in Sub-Saharan Africa Sand Flies Transmitting Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Sub-Saharan Africa Animal Reservoirs of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Sub-Saharan Africa Future Perspectives and Priorities of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Control and Research in Sub-Saharan Africa Conclusion References Leprosy Introduction Epidemiology of the Disease Distribution and Burden Public Health Impact Basic Biology Infective Agents and Life Cycle Disease Transmission Disease Presentation Diagnosis Control Tools and Strategies Chemotherapy-Based Strategies Challenges in Program Implementation Further Research for Policy and Control Conclusion and Outlook for the Next Decade References Loiasis Introduction Epidemiology of the Disease Distribution and Burden Public Health Impact in Sub-Saharan Africa Basic Biology Life Cycle In the Vector In the Definitive Host (Human) Mode of Transmission Disease Presentation Diagnosis Clinical Microscopical/Parasitological Serological Molecular Adequacy of the Diagnostic Methods Cost-Effectiveness The Ideal Diagnostic Method Control Tools and Strategies Key Tools and Strategies Effectiveness of the Tools and Strategies Evidence for Choice of Tools and Strategies Sustainability and Cost-Effectiveness of the Tools/Strategies Chemotherapy-Based Strategies Evidence for Choice of Strategies Gaps in Knowledge Challenges of Programme Implementation Further Research for Policy and Control Outlook for the Next Decade References Lymphatic Filariasis (Elephantiasis) Introduction Biology, Life Cycle, Disease Presentation Parasite Vectors Transmission and Life Cycle Clinical Manifestations Burden of Disease and Distribution in SSA Distribution of the Infection Morbidity History of LF Control in SSA Current Control Tools and Strategies Interrupt the Transmission of the Causal Agent Mapping Mass Drug Administration The Distribution Strategies Monitoring and Evaluation Stopping MDA Post-MDA Surveillance Other Interventions Integrated Vector Management Drug Development Anti-Wolbachia Therapy Alleviate Morbidities Associated with the Disease Lymphedema Management Hydrocele Management Validation of the Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis As Public Health Problem Post Validation Activities Status of Implementation of LF Elimination Programmes in SSA Challenges of Program Implementation Coverage Funding Capacity The Lagging Behind Countries Hotspots Loa Loa Indirect Impact Further Research for Control and Elimination Outlook for the Next Decade Conclusion References Onchocerciasis Part I Introduction Basic Biology, Life Cycle, and Disease Presentation Basic Biology The Parasite Vector and Transmissions Life Cycle Disease Presentation Clinical Presentation Dermal Lesions Ocular Lesions Other Manifestations Immunity in Onchocerciasis Geographical Distribution and Epidemiological Patterns Geographical Distribution Epidemiological Patterns of Disease Endemicity Levels and Severity of Disease Disease Burden Morbidity and Mortality Other Disease Burden Economic Impact Diagnosis Parasitological Diagnosis (Skin Snip Examination) Skin Tests Nodule Palpation: Detection of the Adult Worm Other Diagnostic Tests Slit Lamp Technique Ultrasound Examination Current Diagnostic Tests Immunological Tests Detection of Parasite Antibody in Body Fluids Antigen Detection Tests Recombinant Antigens Detection of Parasite Antigen in Body Fluids Ov 16 ELISA Test Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Tests DNA Tests DNA Diagnosis of Individual Patients Challenges for Appropriate Diagnostic Tools Treatment Effect of Ivermectin on the Onchocerca Parasite Onchocerciasis Interventions Vector Control (Historical Control Efforts) Aerial Larviciding (Large-Scale Vector Control) Ivermectin Distribution Strategies Mobile Distribution Community-Based Treatment with Ivermectin (CBTi) Community-Directed Treatment with Ivermectin (CDTi) From Control to Elimination of Onchocerciasis in Africa Integration of Delivery Strategies for the Elimination of NTDs Including Onchocerciasis by 2030 Response of Onchocerca volvulus to Ivermectin Further Research in the Management of Onchocerciasis Challenges Management of Ivermectin Supplies Cross-border Issues Residual Infections The Future Conclusion References Onchocerciasis Part 2: Elimination Introduction Change to Elimination Strategies for Onchocerciasis Elimination Onchocerciasis Elimination Mapping Areas Co-endemic with LF Areas Co-endemic with Loa Loa Monitoring and Evaluation Strategies Coverage Surveys Entomological Evaluations Demarcation of the Country into Transmission Zones Cross Border Collaboration Between Neighbouring Countries Integration and Cross-Cutting Approaches Stop MDA Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Country Certification for Elimination of Onchocerciasis Challenges Further Research Diagnostics Intervention Compliance Ivermectin Resistance The Future Conclusion References Podoconiosis: Endemic Non-filarial Elephantiasis Introduction Epidemiology Distribution and Burden Public Health Impact Basic Biology Gene-Environment Interactions Genetics Environment Disease Presentation Associated Clinical Features Diagnosis Control Tools and Strategies Primary Prevention of Podoconiosis Secondary and Tertiary Prevention of Podoconiosis Programmatic Aspects Challenges of Programme Implementation Further Research for Policy and Control Outlook for the Next Decade Conclusion References Scabies Epidemiology and Burden Complications Associated with Scabies Infestation Parasite Life Cycle and Transmission Disease Presentation Scabies in Young Children Crusted Scabies Diagnosis IACS Consensus Criteria Control Tools Strategies Surveillance Intensive Disease Management Permethrin Benzyl Benzoate Sulfur Ivermectin Community Based Management Further Research for Policy and Control Conclusion References Schistosomiasis Epidemiology of the Disease Geographic Distribution Demographic Distribution Impact of Conflict, Migration, and Tourism on the Spread of the Disease Life Cycle and Mode of Transmission Pathology and Disease Presentation Katayama Syndrome Early Symptoms of an Established Disease Late-Stage Symptoms and Complications Male and Female Genital Schistosomiasis Male Genital Schistosomiasis Female Genital Schistosomiasis Public Health Impact of the Disease Risk of Infection, Morbidity, and Mortality Estimates Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) and Years Lived with Disability (YLDs) Subtle Morbidity and Other Schistosomiasis-Related Complications Economic Implications of Schistosomiasis Diagnosis of the Infection and Disease Parasitological Diagnosis Immunological Diagnosis Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Clinical Diagnosis Mass Screening Control Strategies and Challenges of Implementation Transmission Control Morbidity Control Chemotherapy Metrifonate Oxamniquine Praziquantel Other Medicines Status of Medicines Used for Treating Schistosomiasis Resistance to Praziquantel Combination Therapy Amoscanate Supportive Evidence for Diagnostic Tools and Treatment The Millennium Control Strategies Political Will, Functional Health Service, and Sustainable Control Control or Elimination Outlook of Control in the Next Decade References Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis Introduction Basic Biology, Life Cycle, and Disease Presentation Roundworms Whipworm Hookworms Epidemiology of Soil-Transmitted Helminths in Sub-Saharan Africa Poor Sanitation, Overcrowding, and Helminth Infections Helminth Infections, Anemia, and Undernutrition Burden of Disease and Distribution in Sub-Saharan Africa Available Tools and Control Strategies Challenges of Program Implementation Recent Developments in STH Research and Control Human Gut Microbiome Research Computer-Aided Anthelmintic Drug Discovery Establishment of African Strain of N. Americanus-Hamster Model Further Research for Control and Elimination Outlook for the Next Decade Conclusion References Trachoma Introduction Basic Biology and Disease Presentation The Epidemiology of Trachoma Burden of Trachoma in Sub-Saharan Africa Elimination Strategies for Trachoma Surgery for Trichiasis Antibiotics for Trachoma F&E Components Challenges of Program Implementation Persistent and Recrudescent Trachoma TT Surgery Uptake and Quality COVID-19 and Funding Sustaining Elimination Further Research Outlook for the Next Decade References Yaws Introduction Clinical Aspects, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Yaws Yaws Clinical Categories and Stages Clinical Features of Yaws Diagnosis of Yaws Differential Diagnoses of Yaws Treatment of Yaws Epidemiology, Public Health Importance, and Eradication of Yaws Epidemiology Public Health Importance of Yaws Eradication of Yaws Should Yaws be Eradicated? Conclusion References Drug Donation Programmes in the Control and Elimination of NTDs Background History of the NTD Drug Donation Programmes Other Companies Followed Suit The Unprecedented Collaboration with Other Pharmaceutical Companies Working in Partnership with Non-governmental Development Organisations (NGDOs) The Evolving Partnership Between the WHO, Pharmaceutical Companies and Stakeholders Lessons Learned Challenges Early Challenges Affecting Drug Donations and Distribution Continuing Challenges for Partners If the Donated Drugs Are to Reach All the People Who Need Them in Order to Achieve Elimination An Example of Supply Chain Challenges for the Donation of Mectizan®—Which Were True 25 Years Ago and Are Still the Same Today Strengthening Supply Chain Management Socio-Economic Aspects of NTDs and the Impact of the Disease Control and Drug Donation Programmes Impact of the Donation Programmes Cost-Benefit and Cost-Effectiveness of the NTD Programmes Changing Disease Epidemiology and Impact on Drug Donations Prospects and Conclusions: The Next 10 Years and Beyond the 2030 NTD Elimination Goal References The Social and Economic Impact of Neglected Tropical Diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa Introduction Disease Versus Illness: Lay Perceptions of NTDs NTDs and Stigma: The Impact on Gender Roles and Relations Gender and NTDs Poverty, NTDs, and Disability Mental Health and NTDs Seeking Healthcare for a Neglected Tropical Disease The Economic Impact of Having NTDs Comments The Social and Economic Impacts of NTDs Go Beyond the Health Sector Conclusion References Alternative Interventions Against Neglected Tropical Diseases in SSA: Vector Control Introduction Vector-Borne Diseases The Transmission of NTDs Control of Vector-Borne NTDs Historical Approaches Current Approaches to the Control of Vector-Borne NTDs Importance of Vector Control in NTDs Methods of Vector Control for NTDs Insecticide Use Larviciding/Mollusciciding Adulticiding Prevention of Man-Vector Contact Challenges to Vector Control Insecticide Resistance Multiplicity of Vector Species Lack of Integrated Vector Management Research to Support Program Implementation Development of Personnel and Infrastructure Sustainability and Financing Conclusion References The Role of Health Systems in the Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa Introduction Health Systems Framework Health Systems and Control of NTDs: Challenge Service Delivery Health Financing Medical Products, Logistics, and Technological Challenges Health Workforce Governance Health Information Integration of Neglected Tropical Diseases into Routine Health Services Opportunities and Future Research for Policy Conclusion References Index