Nature in Fragments: The Legacy of Sprawl (American Museum of Natural History, Center for Biodiversity Conservation, Series on Biodiversity)

This new collection focuses on the impact of sprawl on biodiversity and the measures that can be taken to alleviate it. Leading biological and social scientists, conservationists, and land-use professionals examine how sprawl affects species and alters natural communities, ecosystems, and natural processes. The contributors integrate biodiversity issues, concerns, and needs into the growing number of anti-sprawl initiatives, including the "smart growth" and "new urbanist" movements. EEn......Page 1 Nature in Fragments - The Legacy of Sprawl......Page 2 Copyright Info......Page 6 Dedication......Page 7 TOC......Page 9 Preface......Page 11 Acknowledgments......Page 15 Contributors......Page 17 Part I - Biodiversity And The Genesis Of Sprawl......Page 19 1 - The Context And Causes Of Sprawl......Page 21 Sprawl: The Myths About Cause......Page 22 The Policies That Cause Sprawl......Page 23 Is Sprawl Inevitable In The Twenty-first Century?......Page 31 Conclusion......Page 33 Conservation Recommendations......Page 34 Biodiversity......Page 36 Sprawl......Page 37 Habitat Loss, Fragmentation, And Degradation......Page 40 Invasive Species......Page 50 Pollution......Page 53 Overexploitation......Page 57 Global Climate Change......Page 59 Conclusion......Page 61 Part II - Sprawl, Ecosystems, And Processes......Page 73 3 - Freshwater Wetland Biodiversity In An Urbanizing World......Page 75 Wetland Diversity......Page 76 How Sprawl Affects Wetlands......Page 78 Reducing The Impacts Of Sprawl On Wetlands......Page 94 Conclusion......Page 103 What Is A Disturbance?......Page 108 Species’ And Communities’ Responses To Disturbances And Predictable Disruptive Events......Page 112 Biodiversity And Ecosystem Ser Vices......Page 114 Disturbance Ecology And The Threat Of Sprawl......Page 115 Conclusion......Page 124 5 - Bees, Pollination, And The Challenges Of Sprawl......Page 127 The Benefits Of Bees......Page 128 The Needs Of Bees......Page 130 Urban Bee Faunas......Page 133 Alternatives To Sprawl......Page 134 Consequences Of Sprawl: Disturbed Floras And Bees......Page 137 Conclusion......Page 140 6 - Effects Of Urbanization On Decomposer Communities And Soil Processes In Forest Remnants......Page 143 Decomposer Communities: Organisms And Ecological Roles......Page 144 Effects Of Urban Sprawl On Forest Soil Communities And Their Ecological Functions......Page 147 Conclusion......Page 156 7 - Sprawl And Disease......Page 162 Anthropogenic Change And Emerging Diseases......Page 163 Urban Sprawl And Disease......Page 164 Sprawl, Habitat Encroachment, And Disease Emergence......Page 166 Conclusion......Page 168 Part III - Sprawl And Species......Page 173 8 - Sprawl And Species With Limited Dispersal Abilities......Page 175 Landscape-scale Effects Of Habitat Loss And Fragmentation......Page 176 Living In Habitat Fragments......Page 181 Demographic Consequences Of Living In Isolation......Page 183 Genetic Consequences Of Living In Isolation......Page 186 Direct And Indirect Human Effects......Page 189 Conclusions And Recommendations......Page 191 9 - Sprawl And Highly Mobile Or Wide-ranging Species......Page 199 Carnivores, Raptors, And Migrant Songbirds As Area-sensitive Species......Page 201 Ecological Consequences Of Sprawl......Page 203 Homogenization: A World Characterized By Sprawl Becomes A Less Interesting Place......Page 213 Are There Thresholds To Sprawl-induced Landscape Change?......Page 215 Prospectus: Are We Close To Achieving An Accurate Understanding Of Impacts Of Urban Sprawl On Area-sensitive Species?......Page 216 Conclusion: Take-home Messages For Land-use Planners......Page 217 10 - Species That Benefit From Sprawl......Page 224 The Urban–suburban Environment......Page 225 Responses To Development......Page 230 Major Taxa And Species......Page 234 Conclusion......Page 246 Part IV - Identifying And Meeting The Challenges Of Sprawl......Page 255 11 - Maintaining Connectivity In Urbanizing Landscapes......Page 257 Reducing Isolation Through Connectivity Conservation......Page 258 Preser Ving Regional Connectivity In Southern California: A Case Study For Mitigating The Impacts Of Sprawl......Page 259 Maintaining Connectivity In Developing Landscapes: Additional Case Studies......Page 269 Conclusion......Page 274 12 - The Economics Of Biodiversity In Urbanizing Ecosystems......Page 281 Managing Ecological Assets......Page 282 Valuing Biodiversity And Nature’s Services......Page 288 Examples Of Valuing Losses In Nature’s Services Resulting From Sprawl......Page 292 The Economics Of Sprawl And Biodiversity Loss......Page 296 Conclusion......Page 298 13 - Conserving Biodiversity Through State And Regional Planning......Page 302 Barriers At All Scales......Page 303 Tools For Addressing Habitat Issues At Different Scales......Page 308 Federal Legislative Tools......Page 311 State Programs......Page 312 Model Approaches......Page 316 Conclusion......Page 324 Recommendations......Page 325 14 - Integrating Conservation Of Biodiversity Into Local Planning......Page 331 Importance Of Biodiversity......Page 332 What Has To Be Conserved......Page 333 The Role Of Communities......Page 335 Challenges......Page 336 Strategies To Plan For Biodiversity......Page 339 Innovative Approaches......Page 346 Conclusion......Page 351 15 - Building Public Awareness About The Effects Of Sprawl On Biodiversity......Page 353 Using An Informed Approach......Page 355 Reaching The Public On Sprawl And Biodiversity......Page 362 Conclusion......Page 365 16 - Creating A Framework For Change......Page 367 Conclusion......Page 379 Index......Page 381 Pt.1. Biodiversity and the genesis of sprawl. -- The control and causes of sprawl -- Barbara L. Lawrence -- The impacts of sprawl on biodiversity -- Elizabeth A. Johnson, -- Michael W. Klemens. -- Pt.2. Sprawl, ecosystems, and processes. Freshwater wetland biodiversity in an urbanizing world -- Nicholas A. Miller, -- Michael W. Klemens Ecosystems, disturbance, and the impact of sprawl -- Seth R. Reice Bees, pollination, and the challenges of sprawl -- James H. Cane Effects of urbanization on decomposer communities and soil processes in forest remnants -- Margaret M. Carreiro Sprawl and disease-- Fred W. Koontz,-- Peter Daszak. Pt.3. Sprawl and species. Sprawl and species with limited dispersal abilities -- Diane L. Byers, -- Joseph C. Mitchell Sprawl and highly mobile or wide-ranging species -- Justina C. Ray Species that benefit from sprawl -- Stephen DeStefano, -- Elizabeth A. Johnson. -- Pt.4. Identifying and meeting the challenges of sprawl. Maintaining connectivity in urbanizing landscapes -- M.A. Sanjayan, -- Kevin R. Crooks -- The economics of biodiversity in urbanizing ecosystems -- Stephen Farber Conserving biodiversity through state and regional planning -- Jessica Wilkinson, -- Sara Vickerman, -- Jeff Lerner Integrating conservation of biodiversity into local planning -- Jayne Daly, -- Michael W. Klemens Building public awareness about the effects of sprawl on biodiversity -- Cynthia Coffin and Jane Elder Creating a framework for change-- Michael W. Klemens,-- Elizabeth A. Johnson. Edited By Elizabeth A. Johnson & Michael W. Klemens. Includes Bibliographical References And Index.