Nature-based Solutions for Sustainable Urban Planning: Greening Cities, Shaping Cities (Contemporary Urban Design Thinking)

"Urban greening policies and measures have recently shown a high potential impact on the design and reshaping of the built environment, especially in urban regeneration processes. This book provides insights on analytical methods, planning strategies and shared governance tools for successfully integrating Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) in the urban planning practice. The selected contributions present real-life application cases, in which the mainstreaming of NBS are investigated according to two main challenges: the planning and designing of physical and spatial integration of NBS in cities on one side, and the implementation of suitable shared governance models and co-creation pathways on the other. Chapter 5 is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com" -- Back cover Foreword Preface Research Context Part I Planning NBS in Cities: Insights and Methods on Spatial Challenges Part II Implementing NBS in Cities: Case-Study Applications About This Book and Outlook Highlights Scientific Reviewers Contents About the Editors Part I: Planning NBS in Cities: Insights and Methods on Spatial Challenges Chapter 1: Nature-Based Solutions for Resilient and Thriving Cities: Opportunities and Challenges for Planning Future Cities 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 Nature-Based Solutions for Urban Regeneration 1.2 Planning Resilient Cities with Nature-Based Solutions 1.2.1 Understand the Planning Capacities and Practice for NBS 1.2.2 Challenges of Urban Planning for NBS Uptake and Implementation 1.3 Ways Forward: Revolutionize Urban Planning Through Nature-Based Solutions 1.4 Conclusions References Chapter 2: Mainstreaming Nature-Based Solutions in Cities Through Performance-Based Planning: A Case Study in Trento, Italy 2.1 Introduction 2.2 A Performance-Based Approach Grounded on ES Assessment 2.2.1 Rationale of the Approach 2.2.2 Analysis of ES Supply 2.2.3 Analysis of ES Demand 2.2.4 Definition of Performance Levels 2.3 Application of the Approach to Urban Transformation Sites 2.3.1 Characteristics of the Selected Transformation Sites 2.3.2 Design of the Sites 2.4 Impact Assessment of the Transformation Scenarios 2.4.1 Impact on ES Supply 2.4.2 Impact on ES Beneficiaries 2.5 Discussion 2.6 Conclusions References Chapter 3: Insights for the Enhancement of Urban Biodiversity Using Nature-Based Solutions: The Role of Urban Spaces in Green Infrastructures Design 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Methodological Review 3.2.1 Case Study Application 3.3 Results 3.3.1 The Habitat Quality Assessment Using NDVI 3.3.2 A Preliminary Green Infrastructure Using Habitat Quality 3.3.3 The Selection of Suitable Nature-Based Solutions 3.4 Discussions and Conclusions References Chapter 4: The Environment-Culture-Technology Nexus Framework: An Approach for Assessing the Challenges and Opportunities for Implementing Nature-Based Solutions in Brazil 4.1 Introduction 4.2 The Environment-Culture-Technology-Nexus (ECT) Framework 4.3 The Paradoxes of Brazilian Cities: Urbanisation Challenges and the Environment 4.3.1 Environment 4.3.2 Culture 4.3.3 Technology 4.4 Potentialities and Opportunities 4.4.1 Environment 4.4.2 Culture 4.4.3 Technology 4.5 An Empirical Application of the Nexus Framework: A Case Study in Brasília, Federal District 4.5.1 Environmental Challenges of the Federal District 4.5.2 Social Challenges of the Urban Management of the Federal District 4.5.3 Management Technology Challenges 4.5.4 The Application of Urban Management Technologies to Support More Resilient and Water-Sensitive Morphological Patterns 4.5.5 Evaluating Ecosystem Services in Vicente Pires and the Pilot Plan 4.5.6 Towards More Water-Resilient Urban Morphological Patterns 4.6 Discussion and Conclusions References Part II: Implementing NBS in Cities: Case-Study Applications Chapter 5: Inclusive Urban Regeneration with Citizens and Stakeholders: From Living Labs to the URBiNAT CoP 5.1 Introduction: Inclusive Urban Regeneration and the CoP 5.1.1 The Urban Challenges of Modern Social Housing Neighbourhoods 5.1.2 Inclusive Urban Regeneration Through an Inclusive Public Space 5.1.3 Activation of URBiNAT Living Labs and Building CoP 5.1.4 Research Framework and Structure 5.2 The URBiNAT Co-creation Methodology 5.2.1 The Co-creation Process 5.2.2 The CoP Vortex 5.2.3 Participatory Approaches to Co-creation Methodology 5.3 URBINAT Co-creation Methods and Tools 5.3.1 Mapping of Local Participatory Culture 5.3.2 URBiNAT Supporting Means of Engagement 5.3.2.1 Walkthrough 5.3.2.2 Photovoice 5.3.2.3 Mapping Workshops 5.3.2.4 NBS Card Game 5.3.2.5 SuperBarrio 5.3.2.6 NBS Mini Catalogue 5.3.2.7 New NBS 5.3.2.8 Physical Experiments in Place 5.3.2.9 Serious Games and Gaming Tools 5.3.3 Participatory Means of Engagement 5.4 CoP Case Studies 5.4.1 Study Cases: Examples from Frontrunner and Follower Cities 5.4.1.1 Co-creation of the Porto Healthy Corridor 5.4.1.2 The Høje Taastrup Co-diagnostic Stage 5.4.2 Expansion of the CoP and Observers 5.4.2.1 The Expansion of CoP with Other Living Labs 5.4.3 Results of Case Studies 5.4.4 Refinement of the Co-creation Process Based on Sharing and Learning in the CoP 5.5 Discussion and Conclusions: Lessons, Barriers and Future Steps for the Implementation of Communities of Practice in Living Labs Through the Co-creation Process 5.5.1 The Co-creation Process Criteria Achieved 5.5.2 Recommendations for Target Groups References Chapter 6: Nature4Cities. Tools for Implementation of Nature-Based Solutions in City Context: The Case Study of Milan 6.1 Introduction 6.1.1 EU Project: Nature4Cities 6.2 Methodological Review 6.2.1 Barriers to NBS Effectiveness Assessment 6.2.1.1 Complexity 6.2.1.2 Governance and Policies 6.2.1.3 Financial 6.2.1.4 Stakeholder and Community Engagement 6.2.2 Possible N4C Solutions 6.2.2.1 Local Stakeholder Analysis 6.2.2.2 Local Stakeholder Involvement and Training 6.2.3 Training Courses within N4C 6.2.3.1 Identification of Tools for the Assessment of NBS Co-benefit 6.2.3.2 Selection of the Tools by Municipalities 6.2.3.3 Development of Training Materials 6.2.3.4 Training Sessions Delivery 6.2.3.5 Results and Feedback Analysis 6.2.4 Most Interesting Software 6.3 Results 6.4 Discussion and Conclusions References Chapter 7: The Implementation of Connectivity Area in the Metropolitan Region of Campinas (São Paulo, Brazil): Biodiversity Integration Through Regional Environmental Planning 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Methodology 7.2.1 Engagement Workshops 7.2.2 External Stakeholder Meetings 7.2.3 Establishing the Preliminary Version of the MRC Connectivity Area 7.2.4 Participatory Exercise in Refining the Connectivity Area and Ecosystem Services Workshop 7.2.5 Insertion of the Connectivity Area in the PDUI of the MRC and Defining Strategies for Its Implementation 7.3 Results and Discussion 7.3.1 Definition of Thematic Axes 7.3.2 Definition of the Preliminary Version of the Connectivity Area 7.3.3 Refining the Layout of the Connectivity Area 7.3.4 Ecosystem Services Mapping 7.3.5 Insertion of the Connectivity Area in the MRC PDUI 7.3.6 Implementation Pillars of the Connectivity Area 7.4 Next Steps 7.5 Conclusion References Chapter 8: A Deduced Method for Assessing Safety and Security Perception: Case Study of Biblioteca Degli Alberi Park in Milan, Italy 8.1 Introduction 8.1.1 Correlation Between Implementing NBS on Safety Perception of the Environment 8.1.1.1 The Emerging Concept of NBS as an Innovative Form of Urban Greening Interventions 8.1.1.2 Social Benefits and Drawbacks of Implementing Vegetation as a Sample of NBS on Subject of Safety and Safety Perception 8.1.2 Perceived Safety of the Urban Environment: The Significant Role of Space on Perceived Safety of the Environment 8.1.2.1 Safety Perception as a Subjective Prominent Factor of Space in Crime Theories 8.1.2.2 Perception of Spatiotemporal Characteristics of Risky Places as Vulnerable Criminogenic Spots 8.1.2.3 Safety Perception of Urban Green Areas Regarding Characteristics of Vegetation in Urban Environment 8.1.3 Characteristics of Parks and Urban Green Areas Regarding Crime, Fear of Crime and Perception of Safety 8.1.3.1 Landscape Design 8.1.3.2 Vegetation Density 8.1.3.3 Maintenance 8.1.3.4 Physical Incivilities 8.1.3.5 Amount of Light (Illumination) 8.1.3.6 Wayfinding and Legibility 8.1.3.7 Visibility 8.2 Methodological Approach: Deducted Safety Indicators and Their Assessment Related to Vegetation 8.2.1 Safety Survey Methodology of Urban Green Spaces 8.3 Case Study: Biblioteca Degli Alberi: Milan, Italy 8.3.1 Overview of the BAM 8.3.2 Results of the Safety Questionnaires of the BAM 8.4 Conclusions 8.5 Limitations of the Research References