مواد شیمیایی طبیعی علیه بیماری آلزایمر

Naturally Occurring Chemicals Against Alzheimer’s Disease offers a detailed discussion on the roles, molecular mechanisms, structural activity relationships, toxicology and clinical data on phytochemicals in relation to Alzheimer’s disease. The book examines the available phytochemicals and plants that are potentially effective, also determining the role and molecular targets of these phytochemicals in combating AD. This comprehensive resource will be helpful to researchers who are working on herbal drugs on AD, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, clinical trials, neuroscience and advancement in formulations. Provides information on phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, clinical trials, and advancement in formulations specific to Alzheimer’s Disease in a single source Explores natural compounds, which can be more affordable to the majority of Alzheimer’s Disease patients, who will increasingly be in developing countries Covers a wide array of specific chemical compounds Front Cover Naturally Occurring Chemicals against Alzheimer’s Disease Naturally Occurring Chemicals against Alzheimer’s Disease Copyright Contents Contributors Editors’ biographies 1 - Introduction Introduction References 2 - Alzheimer’s disease: ethanobotanical studies Introduction Medicinal plants used against AD Gingko biloba Curcuma longa Salvia officinalis Tinospora cordifolia Melissa officinalis Glycyrrhiza glabra Centella asiatica Convolvulus pluricaulis Withania somnifera Bacopa monnieri Gaps and future challenges Proper documentation of traditional medicinal system Lack of information of scientific evidences on dose and ways of administration Globalization effects and species lost Challenges in mass cultivation Conclusions Acknowledgment References 3 - Phytochemicals/plant extract against Alzheimer's 3.1 - Phytochemicals (pure compounds) 3.1.1 - Resveratrol Introduction Sources Natural sources Pharmacokinetics Chemistry Resveratrol in Alzheimer’s disease Toxicology and adverse drug reactions Clinical trials References 3.1.2 - Curcumin Introduction Alzheimer’s disease, symptoms, and pathophysiology Phytomedicinal properties of curcumin in relation to Alzheimer’s disease Role of curcumin in clinical studies/trials Impact of curcumin on Alzheimer disease Treatment of Alzheimer’s disease Conclusion References 3.1.3 - Omega 3 PUFA Introduction Alzheimer’s disease (AD) Why omega 3? Importance of omega 3 Clinical trials Conclusion References 3.1.4 - Galantamine Introduction Biological and geographical distribution Biological sources In vitro production of galantamine Chemistry Pharmacology Galantamine in Alzheimer’s disease Toxicology and adverse drug reactions Conclusion References 3.1.5 - Rivastigmine Introduction Rivastigmine Sources Chemistry of rivastigmine Methods of synthesis Mechanism of action Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics Drug interactions Different hybrids and their actions Available dosage forms of rivastigmine Intranasal route Injections Oral Inhalation Transdermal Tolerability Conclusion References 3.1.6 - Quercetin Introduction Quercetin and its pharmacological properties Preclinical studies on the anti-AD activity of que Clinical studies on the anti-AD activity of que Side effects and toxicological profile of que Conclusion References 3.1.7 - Valerenic and acetoxyvalerenic acid Introduction Occurrence Chemical structure Pharmacological potential of valerenic acid and acetoxyvalerenic acid Role in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and Alzheimer’s disease Dementia Anesthetic action Sedative and anxiolytic potential Insomnia Physical and psychological stress Antiinflammatory Gastrointestinal activity Inhibitory effects on CYP3A4-mediated metabolism Anticonvulsant Clinical studies Conclusion References 3.1.8 - Huperzine A Introduction Chemistry of huperzine A Conclusions References 3.1.9 - Caprylic/capric triglyceride Caprylic/capric triglyceride Synthesis and chemistry of caprylic triglyceride Properties of capric triglyceride Uses of capric triglyceride Alzheimer’s disease and capric triglyceride-based medical food Mechanism of action and biochemistry Case studies related to caprylic triglyceride-based treatment in Alzheimer’s disease Precautionary advice Conclusion References 3.1.10 - Berberine Introduction Berberine and its pharmacological properties Anti-oxidant activity of BBR Anti-apoptotic activity of BBR Anti-inflammatory activity of BBR Anti‐cholinesterase activity of BBR Anti-amyloidogenic activity of BBR Side effects and toxicological profile of BBR Conclusion References 3.1.11 - Hypericin and pseudohypericin Introduction Description of Hypericum perforatum L. Bioactive constituents Hypericin and pseudohypericin Pharmacological activities of HP Effect on AChE inhibitor Effects on β-amyloid peptides Antiinflammatory Antioxidant activity Safety Conclusion References 3.1.12 - Protopine Introduction Synthesis of protopine Crystal structure of protopine hydrochloride (salt of protopine) Biological activities of protopine Acetylcholinesterase inhibition/anti-Alzheimer’s activity Other pharmacological activity Hepatoprotective activity Antioxidant and anticancer activity Concluding remarks References 3.1.13 - Spinosin Introduction Causes and mechanism of Alzheimer’s disease Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease Current therapies for Alzheimer’s disease Spinosin Potential of spinosin against Alzheimer’s disease Future directions and conclusion References 3.1.14 - Nobiletin Introduction Chemistry and sources of nobiletin Metabolism and distribution in the human body Pharmacological effects of nobiletin in the prevention and treatment of AD Antineuroinflammatory and neuroprotective activities Neuroprotective effect against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress Cholinesterase inhibitory activities Effects in cognitive impairment Effects on amyloid-β protein (Aβ) Studies in humans Conclusions References 3.2 - Plants and their extracts 3.2.1 - Ginkgo biloba Introduction Ginkgo biloba Alzheimer’s disease Major constituents of Ginkgo biloba and their modes of action Antioxidant activity Protective effects on mitochondrial function Antiapoptotic effect Antiinflammatory effect Preventive effects on amyloidogenesis and Aβ aggregation Some other mechanisms Possible mechanism of actions Conclusion References 3.2.2 - Panax ginseng c.a. Meyer Introduction Taxonomy and distribution Bioactive constituents Mechanism of action Pharmacological studies Dosage Side effects Conclusion and recommendations References 3.2.3 - Melissa officinalis (lemon balm) Introduction Taxonomy Cultivation Phytochemical profile Traditional uses and pharmacology Treatment Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEI) N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists Alternative treatment by Melissa officinalis Mechanism of action Effect of M. officinalis on AchE Effects of M. officinalis on β-amyloid (Aβ) Antioxidant activity of M. officinalis Anti-inflammatory activity Safety Conclusion References 3.2.4 - Bacopa monnieri (Brahmi) Introduction Taxonomical classification of B. monnieri Mechanism of action of B. monnieri in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) Experiments on B. monnieri related to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) using in vitro and in vivo methods Clinical studies on B. monnieri with respect to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) Adverse effects associated with B. monnieri Conclusion References 3.2.5 - Centella asiatica Introduction Distribution Chemical constituents Pharmacological activity Alzheimer’s disease In vitro and in vivo studies Clinical studies Toxicity and interactions Conclusion References 3.2.6 - Rosmarinus officinalis L. Introduction, botanical description, and distribution Bioactive compounds Rosemary–drug interactions Impact of rosemary on diseases of central nervous system Side effects Conclusion References 3.2.7 - Valeriana officinalis (valerian) Valeriana officinalis Natural chemicals in V. officinalis Medicinal uses of V. officinalis Mechanism of action of key constituent of V. officinalis plant V. officinalis and Alzheimer disease Clinical studies Safety issues Conclusion References Further reading 3.2.8 - Matricaria recutita Introduction M. recutita L Preclinical studies Clinical studies Side effects of M. recutita L. Conclusion References 3.2.9 - Galanthus nivalis L. (snowdrop) Background Distribution and habitat associated with Galanthus nivalis Botany of Galanthus nivalis Phytochemistry and structure–activity relationship Importance of snowdrops in neurodegenerative disorders Galanthus nivalis against AD Galanthus nivalis actions against other neurodegenerative diseases Clinical studies on Galanthus nivalis with respect to Alzheimer’s disease Conclusion References 3.2.10 - Guggulu [Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari.] Introduction Pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) Antioxidants and Alzheimer’s disease Guggulu (Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari) Chemistry Antioxidant and antiinflammatory activity (preclinical and clinical studies) Preclinical studies Clinical studies Mechanism of action Safety issues Drug interactions Conclusion References 3.2.11 - Lepidium meyenii Introduction Chemical composition of maca Mechanism of action and pharmacological actions of Lepidium meyenii Clinical studies of Lepidium meyenii Toxicity profile of Lepidium meyenii Conclusion References 3.2.12 - Acorus calamus Introduction Phytochemical investigation of Acorus calamus L. Pharmacology of Acorus calamus L. Cognitive impairment Cholinergic system and cognitive impairment: mechanism of action Clinical trials and safety issues related to A. calamus in AD Role of Acorus calamus in AD Conclusion References Further reading 3.2.13 - Tinospora cordifolia Plants and their extracts Tinospora cordifolia Classification, description, and distribution Chemical constituents Medicinal uses and biologic activities T. cordifolia against Alzheimer disease and other related memory disorders Side effects/adverse effects Conclusion and future directions References 3.2.14 - Magnolia officinalis Rehder & E.H.Wilson Alzheimer disease and treatment approaches Magnolia officinalis Rehder & E.H.Wilson (Magnoliaceae) Neuroprotective effects of M. officinalis and its secondary metabolites Safety of M. officinalis extract and its principle components Conclusion and future prospects References 3.2.15 - Collinsonia canadensis L. Introduction Botanical description Traditional uses of Collinsonia canadensis Collinsonia canadensis and Alzheimer’s disease References 3.2.16 - Bertholletia excelsa Introduction Distribution Chemical constituents Mode of action of Brazilian nuts (B. excelsa) against Alzheimer disease Clinical studies Adverse effect Conclusion References 3.2.17 - Urtica diocia Introduction Plant description Chemical constituents and mechanism of action of U. dioica Oxidative stress and Alzheimer disease Inflammatory cascades and AD Toxicologic studies Conclusion Summary References 3.2.18 - Withania somnifera Introduction Pharmacokinetics Ashwagandha in Alzheimer’s disease Toxicological studies References 3.2.19 - Convolvulus prostratus Introduction Pharmacological activities of C. prostratus Anti-Alzheimer’s activity Effect on amyloid β (Aβ) inhibition Effect on acetylcholinesterase and lipoxygenase inhibition Effect on neuroprotection Effect on cognitive function Activity against other CNS-related disorders Depression Stress Anxiety Huntington’s disease Epilepsy (seizure disorder) CNS stimulation Alcohol addiction Effect on oxidation and oxidative stress Clinical evidence to support CNS-related activities of C. prostrates Toxicity studies Conclusion References 3.2.20 - Celastrus paniculatus Introduction Botanical description (Bhanumathy et al., 2010a; John et al., 2017) Plant taxonomy(Celastrus paniculatus Wild, 1875; Premila, 2006) Medicinal parts Physical properties (Deodhar and Shinde, 2014) Chemical constituents Therapeutic effects Pharmacological activities Benefits and uses Dosage and administration Safety issue Conclusion References 3.2.21 - Uncaria rhynchophylla (Miq.) Jacks Introduction Phytochemistry Overview of the pharmacological activity of U. rhynchophylla Antioxidant properties Antiinflammatory properties Hypotensive and cardioprotective effects Antiangiogenic properties Anticancer properties Antiviral activity Uncaria rhynchophylla and central nervous system (CNS)-related activity Anticonvulsion Anti-Parkinson’s disease Alzheimer’s disease Conclusion Acknowledgment References 3.2.22 - Alpinia officinarum Introduction A. officinarum used for medicinal purpose Varieties around the world of Alpinia A. officinarum application in other disease A. officinarum application in Alzheimer disease Working mechanism of A. officinarum on Alzheimer disease Clinical studies and safety issues Conclusion Acknowledgement References 3.2.23 - Himatanthus lancifolius (Müll.Arg.) Woodson Introduction Phytochemistry Overview of pharmacological properties Conclusion Acknowledgment References 3.2.24 - Nelumbo nucifera Nutrition and cognitive function Glycative and oxidative stress and Alzheimer’s disease Constituents of Nelumbo nucifera Role of Nelumbo nucifera as a potent antiglycation treatment and antioxidant Preventive effect of Nelumbo nucifera in amyloid accumulation and cognitive impairment Nelumbo nucifera and cognitive impairment: in vitro evidence Nelumbo nucifera and cognitive impairment: in vivo evidence Nelumbo nucifera, behavioral studies, and neuropathology Future direction References 3.2.25 - Zingiber officinale Introduction Distribution and cultivation Chemical composition Role of Zingiber officinale in Alzheimer’s disease In vitro and in vivo studies of Zingiber officinale with respect to Alzheimer’s disease Clinical studies on Zingiber officinale with respect to Alzheimer’s disease Toxicological studies Conclusion References Index A B C D E F G H I K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Z Back Cover __Naturally Occurring Chemicals Against Alzheimer’s Disease__ offers a detailed discussion on the roles, molecular mechanisms, structural activity relationships, toxicology and clinical data on phytochemicals in relation to Alzheimer’s disease. The book examines the available phytochemicals and plants that are potentially effective, also determining the role and molecular targets of these phytochemicals in combating AD. This comprehensive resource will be helpful to researchers who are working on herbal drugs on AD, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, clinical trials, neuroscience and advancement in formulations.