Natural Products in Obesity and Diabetes : Therapeutic Potential and Role in Prevention and Treatment

This book provides a detailed summary of the therapeutic benefits of natural extracts from medicinal plants, mushrooms, algae, fungi and sponges and their role in the prevention and treatment of obesity and diabetes, offering readers a solid introduction to obesity and diabetes as well as current treatment models. In addition, it examines how genomics and multi-omics approaches have revolutionized our understanding of these diseases, and discusses the role of microbiome-host interactions, probiotics, prebiotics and the future of metabolic phenotyping. Focusing on the pharmacokinetics of anti-obesity and anti-diabetic phytochemicals, their bioavailability in the respective target tissues and their elimination times, the book also describes the nanoformulations of phytochemicals and herbal extracts. Lastly, it presents an overview of the advances in clinical studies on the use of herbal and mushroom extracts in obesity and diabetes management. Given its scope, this book is useful not only for researches in the field but also for students studying nutrition, food sciences, plant sciences or pharmacology, as well as for health professionals and practitioners. Preface Contents Contributors Abbreviations List of Figures List of Schemes List of Tables 1: Obesity and Diabetes 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Obesity and Its Diagnosis and Associated Complications 1.3 Diabetes and Its Diagnosis and Classification 1.4 Epidemiology of Obesity and Diabetes 1.5 Pathogenesis of Obesity and Diabetes 1.5.1 Pathogenesis of Obesity 1.5.2 Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes 1.5.3 Pathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes 1.6 Genetic, Epigenetic, and Environmental Risk Factors of Obesity and Diabetes 1.6.1 Genetic Risk Factors of Obesity 1.6.2 Genetic Risk Factors of Diabetes 1.6.3 Epigenetic Risk Factors of Obesity 1.6.4 Epigenetic Risk Factors of Type 2 Diabetes 1.6.5 Epigenetic Post-transcriptional Risk Factors of Obesity and Diabetes 1.6.6 Effect of Physical Exercise on Epigenetics 1.6.7 Environmental Risk Factors of Type 1 Diabetes 1.6.8 Environmental and Lifestyle Risk Factors of Type 2 Diabetes 1.7 Diet and Physical Exercise in the Treatment of Obesity and Diabetes 1.8 Impact of Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis on Obesity and Its Related Morbidities 1.9 Currently Available Pharmacotherapy of Obesity 1.10 Currently Available Pharmacotherapy of Diabetes 1.11 Vascular Complications of Diabetes 1.12 Summary and Future Perspectives References 2: Elucidating Diversity in Obesity-Related Phenotypes Using Longitudinal and Multi-omic Approaches 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Classical Phenotyping in Obesity and Metabolic Disease 2.3 The Genomic Revolution Gives Way to Multi-omics 2.4 Applying Multi-omics in Obese Cohorts 2.5 Longitudinal Profiling of Patients Undergoing Diet Modulation 2.6 Microbiome-Host Interactions in Obesity 2.7 Summary and Future Perspectives References 3: Impact of Probiotic and Prebiotic on Gut Microbiota in Pre-diabetes and Type 2 Diabetes 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Gut Microbiota in Pre-diabetes and Type 2 Diabetes 3.3 Probiotics 3.4 Prebiotics 3.4.1 Fibers 3.4.2 Polyphenols 3.5 Future Perspectives References 4: Natural Products, a Potential Source of New Drugs Discovery to Combat Obesity and Diabetes: Their Efficacy and Multi-target... 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Natural Products in Human Health Care and Diseases 4.3 Factors Affecting the Composition and Contents of Phytochemicals in Processed Vegetative Foods 4.3.1 Cultivar Effect 4.3.2 Propagation Effect 4.3.3 Effects of Environmental Factors 4.3.4 Harvesting Effect 4.3.5 Postharvest Storage Effect 4.3.6 Packaging Effect 4.3.7 Chemical Treatment Effect 4.3.8 Processing Effect 4.4 Inherent Properties of Natural Products in Prevention and Treatment of Human Diseases 4.5 Major Therapeutic Targets of Natural Products in Obesity Treatment 4.5.1 Lipase Inhibitory Effect 4.5.2 Suppressive Effect on Appetite 4.5.3 Stimulatory Effect on Energy Expenditure 4.5.4 Inhibition of Adipogenesis 4.5.5 Regulation of Lipid Metabolism via PPARα Activation 4.5.6 Modulation of Gut Microbiota Composition 4.6 Natural Products Isolated from Various Natural Sources in Treatment of Obesity 4.7 Major Therapeutic Targets of Natural Products in Diabetes Treatment 4.7.1 Stimulatory Effect on AMPK Activation 4.7.2 Stimulatory Effect on PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway 4.7.3 Inhibition of α-Amylase and α-Glucosidase Activity 4.7.4 Inhibition of SGLT2 Activity 4.7.5 Inhibition of DPP4 Activity 4.7.6 Inhibition of PTP1B Activity 4.7.7 Inhibition of 11β-HSD1 Activity 4.7.8 Inhibition of Aldose Reductase (AR) Activity 4.7.9 Stimulatory Effect on TGR5 Activation 4.7.10 Inhibition of GSK-3 Activity 4.8 Natural Products Isolated from Various Natural Sources in Diabetes Treatment 4.9 Summary and Future Perspectives References 5: Pharmacology of Anti-obesity and Antidiabetic Phytochemicals Isolated from Various Natural Sources (Plants, Seaweeds, Mushr... 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Pharmacology of Phytochemicals 5.2.1 Flavonoids 5.2.1.1 Flavonols 5.2.1.2 Flavones 5.2.1.3 Flavanones 5.2.1.4 Isoflavones 5.2.1.5 Flavanols 5.2.1.6 Anthocyanins 5.2.1.7 Chalcones 5.2.2 Stilbenoids 5.2.3 Curcuminoids 5.2.4 Lignans 5.2.5 Coumarins 5.2.6 Quinones 5.2.7 Xanthones 5.2.8 Simple Phenolic Compounds 5.2.9 Tannins 5.2.10 Bromophenols 5.2.11 Alkaloids 5.2.12 Terpenoids 5.2.12.1 Monoterperpenoids 5.2.12.2 Sesquiterpenoids 5.2.12.3 Diterpenoids 5.2.12.4 Triterpenoids 5.2.12.5 Carotenoids 5.2.12.6 Saponins 5.2.13 Polyacetylenes 5.2.14 Organosulfur Compounds 5.2.15 Polysaccharides 5.3 Summary and Future Perspectives References 6: Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism of Phytochemicals Having Anti-obesity and Antidiabetic Activity 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism of Phytochemicals 6.2.1 Flavonoids 6.2.2 Stilbenoids 6.2.3 Curcuminoids 6.2.4 Lignans 6.2.5 Coumarins 6.2.6 Quinones 6.2.7 Xanthones 6.2.8 Phenolic Acids 6.2.9 Tannins 6.2.10 Alkaloids 6.2.11 Terpenoids 6.2.11.1 Monoterpenoids 6.2.11.2 Sesquiterpenoids 6.2.11.3 Diterpenoids 6.2.11.4 Triterpenoids 6.2.12 Saponins 6.2.13 Organosulfur Compounds 6.3 Summary and Future Perspectives References 7: Advances in Nanoencapsulated Phytomedicines (Phytochemicals and Their Extracts) for the Treatment of Obesity, Diabetes, and... 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Nanocarriers Used in the Delivery of Phytomedicines 7.3 Nanoencapsulated Phytochemicals 7.3.1 Flavonoids 7.3.2 Stilbenoids 7.3.3 Curcuminoids 7.3.4 Capsaicinoids 7.3.5 Alkaloids 7.3.6 Phenolic Acids 7.3.7 Quinones 7.3.8 Saponins 7.3.9 Carotenoids 7.3.10 Unsaturated Fatty Acids 7.4 Nanoencapsulated Plant Extracts 7.5 Summary and Future Perspectives References 8: Clinical Trials of Phytomedicines in the Management of Obesity and Diabetes 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Clinical Trials on Phytomedicines 8.2.1 Herbal Formulations 8.2.2 Phytochemicals 8.3 Discrepancies in Glucose Lowering and Hypolipidemic Efficacy of Herbal Extracts in Diabetic Animal and Human Studies: Majo... 8.4 Summary and Future Perspectives References