Natural Disturbances and Historic Range of Variation : Type, Frequency, Severity, and Post-disturbance Structure in Central Hardwood Forests USA

This book discusses the historic range of variation (HRV) in the types, frequencies, severities and scales of natural disturbances, and explores how they create heterogeneous structure within upland hardwood forests of the Central Hardwood Region (CHR). The book was written in response to a 2012 forest planning rule which requires that national forests to be managed to sustain ‘ecological integrity’ and within the ‘natural range of variation’ of natural disturbances and vegetation structure. Synthesizing information on HRV of natural disturbance types, and their impacts on forest structure, has been identified as a top need. Historically, both non-anthropogenic and anthropogenic disturbances were integral to shaping central hardwood forests, and essential in maintaining diverse biotic communities. Spatial extent, frequency and severity differ among natural disturbance types, creating mosaics and gradients of structural conditions and canopy openness across the landscape. The book arises from a 2014 symposium at the Association of Southeastern Biologists conference. Chapter authors presented original scientific research and synthesized knowledge of major types of natural disturbances, with a focus on forest structure and implications for forest management. The book focuses on how natural disturbances have historically influenced the structure and composition of central hardwood forests, and what this means for forest management today. Discussion includes such questions as: What was the historic distribution, scale, and frequency of different natural disturbances? How do gradual disturbances occurring over a long period and across a broad landscape differ in effects from abrupt and localized events such as tornadoes? How does topography influence the impact of disturbances? How do native biotic agents such as insects, fungi, and keystone wildlife species, or abiotic factors such as precipitation, drought, temperature, wind and soil interact to alter the outcomes of disturbances? How might disturbance-adapted plants and animals have fared in the hypothetical absence of anthropogenic disturbances? How might climate change alter disturbance regimes and structure of upland hardwood forests in the future? And finally, should, how, and can land managers manage these forests within the HRV of natural disturbance frequencies, spatial extents and gradient of conditions they create? This book discusses the historic range of variation (HRV) in the types, frequencies, severities and scales of natural disturbances, and explores how they create heterogeneous structure within upland hardwood forests of the Central Hardwood Region (CHR). The book was written in response to a 2012 forest planning rule which requires that national forests to be managed to sustain 'ecological integrity and within the 'natural range of variation of natural disturbances and vegetation structure. Synthesizing information on HRV of natural disturbance types, and their impacts on forest structure, has been identified as a top need. Historically, both non-anthropogenic and anthropogenic disturbances were integral to shaping central hardwood forests, and essential in maintaining diverse biotic communities. Spatial extent, frequency and severity differ among natural disturbance types, creating mosaics and gradients of structural conditions and canopy openness across the landscape. The book arises from a 2014 symposium at the Association of Southeastern Biologists conference. Chapter authors presented original scientific research and synthesized knowledge of major types of natural disturbances, with a focus on forest structure and implications for forest management. The book focuses on how natural disturbances have historically influenced the structure and composition of central hardwood forests, and what this means for forest management today. Discussion includes such questions as: What was the historic distribution, scale, and frequency of different natural disturbances? How do gradual disturbances occurring over a long period and across a broad landscape differ in effects from abrupt and localized events such as tornadoes? How does topography influence the impact of disturbances? How do native biotic agents such as insects, fungi, and keystone wildlife species, or abiotic factors such as precipitation, drought, temperature, wind and soil interact to alter the outcom es of disturbances? How might disturbance-adapted plants and animals have fared in the hypothetical absence of anthropogenic disturbances? How might climate change alter disturbance regimes and structure of upland hardwood forests in the future? And finally, should, how, and can land managers manage these forests within the HRV of natural disturbance frequencies, spatial extents and gradient of conditions they create? Front Matter....Pages i-xi Introduction to Natural Disturbances and Historic Range of Variation: Type, Frequency, Severity, and Post-disturbance Structure in Central Hardwood Forests....Pages 1-32 Gap-Scale Disturbances in Central Hardwood Forests with Implications for Management....Pages 33-47 Oak Decline in Central Hardwood Forests: Frequency, Spatial Extent, and Scale....Pages 49-71 Southern Pine Beetles in Central Hardwood Forests: Frequency, Spatial Extent, and Changes to Forest Structure....Pages 73-88 First Steps Toward Defining the Wind Disturbance Regime in Central Hardwoods Forests....Pages 89-122 Fire as a Once-Dominant Disturbance Process in the Yellow Pine and Mixed Pine-Hardwood Forests of the Appalachian Mountains....Pages 123-146 Ice Storms in Central Hardwood Forests: The Disturbance Regime, Spatial Patterns, and Vegetation Influences....Pages 147-166 Multi-millennial Record of Erosion and Fires in the Southern Blue Ridge Mountains, USA....Pages 167-202 Frequency and Magnitude of Selected Historical Landslide Events in the Southern Appalachian Highlands of North Carolina and Virginia: Relationships to Rainfall, Geological and Ecohydrological Controls, and Effects....Pages 203-262 Structural and Compositional Change in Great Smoky Mountains National Park since Protection, 1930s–2000s....Pages 263-294 Disturbance, Productivity, and Tree Characteristics in the Central Hardwoods Region....Pages 295-317 The Historic Role of Humans and Other Keystone Species in Shaping Central Hardwood Forests for Disturbance-Dependent Wildlife....Pages 319-353 Climate Change and the Future of Natural Disturbances in the Central Hardwood Region....Pages 355-369 Managing Central Hardwood Forests Within the Context of the Historic Range of Variability (HRV): Challenges and Opportunities....Pages 371-391 Back Matter....Pages 393-400