Natural and synthetic fiber reinforced composites : synthesis, properties, and applications

**Natural and Synthetic Fiber Reinforced Composites** **Discover a comprehensive exploration of fiber reinforced polymers by an expert team of editors** Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites offer several unique properties that make them ideal for use in a wide range of industries, from automotive and aerospace to marine, construction, and co-industrial. In __Natural and Synthetic Fiber Reinforced Composites: Synthesis, Properties and Applications__, a distinguished team of mechanical engineers delivers a comprehensive overview of fiber reinforced composites. This edited volume includes thorough discussions of glass-, cotton-, and carbon-fiber reinforced materials, as well as the tribological properties and non-structural applications of synthetic fiber composites. Readers will also find practical explorations of the structural evolution, mechanical features, and future possibilities of fiber, textile, and nano-cementitious materials. The physical and chemical properties of cotton fiber-based composites are explored at length, as are the extraordinary mechanical, thermal, electrical, electronic, and field emission properties of carbon nanotubes. This singular book also includes: * A thorough discussion of recent advancements in natural fiber reinforced polymer composites, their implications, and the opportunities that arise as a result * A comprehensive exploration of the thermal behavior of natural fiber-based composites * An insightful review of the literature on sisal fiber with polymer matrices * A response to the growing research gap in the existing literature regarding natural fiber-based polymer composites and solutions to address it Perfect for scientists, engineers, professors, and students working in areas involving natural and synthetic reinforced polymers and composites, __Natural and Synthetic Fiber Reinforced Composites: Synthesis, Properties and Applications__ offers a one-of-a-kind resource to help readers understand a critical and rapidly evolving technology. Cover Title Page Copyright Contents Preface About the Editors Chapter 1 Introduction to Glass Fiber‐Based Composites and Structures 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Applications 1.3 Classification of GFRC 1.3.1 A‐Type 1.3.2 C‐Type 1.3.3 D‐Type 1.3.4 E‐Type 1.3.5 R‐, S‐, and T‐Type 1.3.6 S2‐Type 1.3.7 M‐Type 1.3.8 Z‐Type 1.4 Classifications Based on Form 1.5 Structure 1.6 Mechanical Properties 1.7 Conclusion References Chapter 2 Synthesis of Cotton Fiber and Its Structure 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Cotton Fiber Classification 2.2.1 Classification of the Cotton Fiber Based on the Strength 2.2.2 Classification of the Cotton Fiber Based on Fiber Length Uniformity 2.2.3 Classifications of the Cotton Based on Fiber Fineness 2.2.4 Classifications of the Cotton Based on Fiber Color 2.2.5 Classifications of the Cotton Based on Trash 2.2.6 Classifications of the Cotton Based on Leaf Grade 2.2.7 Classifications of the Cotton Based on Extraneous Materials 2.2.8 Classifications of the Cotton Based on Module Averaging 2.3 Surface Modification of Cotton Fibers 2.4 Solvents for Cotton 2.5 Chemical Treatment of Cotton Fiber 2.6 Chemical Composition 2.7 Structural Properties of Cotton 2.7.1 Constitution and Molecular Weight Distributions 2.7.2 Cotton Fiber Structure 2.7.3 Microscopic View of Cotton Fiber 2.7.4 Physical Properties of Cotton Fiber 2.8 Characterization Methods of Cotton Fiber 2.8.1 Measurement of Density 2.8.2 Measurement of Diameter 2.9 X‐Ray Diffraction (XRD) Analysis 2.10 Fourier Transformation by Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) Analysis 2.11 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) 2.12 Investigation of Scanning Electron Microscope 2.13 Investigation of Transmission Electron Microscope 2.14 Conclusions References Chapter 3 Fundamentals of Carbon‐Fiber‐Reinforced Composite and Structures 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Classification of Carbon Fibers 3.3 Synthesis of Carbon Fiber 3.4 Surface Treatment of Carbon Fibers 3.5 Carbon‐Fiber‐Reinforced with Polymer Matrix Composites 3.5.1 Manufacturing of the Polymer Composites Reinforced with Carbon Fibers 3.5.1.1 Hand Lay‐up and Spray‐up Process 3.5.1.2 Molding 3.5.1.3 Filament Winding 3.5.1.4 Pultrusion 3.5.1.5 Injection Molding 3.5.2 Reinforcement of Carbon Fibers and Properties of CFRP Composites 3.6 Carbon‐Fiber‐Reinforced Ceramic Matrix Composites 3.6.1 Structure of Carbon‐Fiber‐Reinforced CMCs 3.6.2 Synthesis and Properties of Carbon‐Fiber‐Reinforced CMCs 3.6.2.1 Hot Pressing 3.6.2.2 Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) 3.6.2.3 Infiltration Methods 3.6.2.4 Slurry Infiltration Process 3.6.2.5 Reactive Melt Infiltration 3.6.2.6 Polymer Infiltration and Pyrolysis 3.6.2.7 Sol–Gel Infiltration Process 3.7 Carbon‐Fiber‐Reinforced Carbon Matrix Composites 3.7.1 Structure of Carbon–Carbon Composites 3.7.2 Synthesis of Carbon–Carbon Composites 3.7.2.1 Thermosetting Resin‐Based Carbon–Carbon Composite and Properties 3.7.2.2 Thermoplastic Pitch‐Based Carbon–Carbon Composite and Properties 3.7.2.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) and Properties 3.8 Conclusion References Chapter 4 Introduction to Semisynthetic and Synthetic Fiber Based Composites 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Classifications 4.2.1 Semisynthetic Fibers 4.2.1.1 Rayon 4.2.1.2 Modal Fiber 4.2.1.3 Bamboo Rayon 4.2.1.4 Seacell Fiber 4.2.1.5 Acetate Fibers 4.2.2 Synthetic Fibers 4.2.2.1 Glass Fibers 4.2.2.2 Carbon Fiber 4.2.2.3 Graphene Fiber 4.2.2.4 Basalt Fiber 4.2.2.5 Kevlar 4.2.2.6 Nylon and Terylene 4.3 Challenges 4.4 Conclusions References Chapter 5 Tribological Properties of Natural Fiber‐Reinforced Polymer Composites 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Chemical Treatment–Alkaline Treatment 5.2.1 Alkaline Treatment (Mercerization) 5.2.2 Silane Coupling Agents (Silanization) 5.2.3 Mechanical Properties of Synthetic and Natural Fibers 5.3 Tribological Behavior of Chemically Treated Composites 5.4 Tribological Behavior of Hybrid Composites 5.5 Conclusion References Chapter 6 Nonstructural Applications of Synthetic Fibers Composites 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Nonstructural Applications of SFRCs 6.2.1 Energy Sector 6.2.1.1 Batteries 6.2.1.2 Supercapacitors 6.2.1.3 Fuel Cells 6.2.1.4 Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Technology 6.2.1.5 Thermoelectric Energy Eneration 6.2.2 Mechanical Industry 6.2.2.1 Tribological Applications 6.2.2.2 Civil Engineering 6.2.3 Electronic Sector 6.2.3.1 Light Emitting Diode (LED) Devices 6.2.3.2 Field‐Effect Transistors (FET) 6.2.3.3 Sensors 6.2.3.4 EMI Shielding 6.2.4 Medical Sector 6.2.4.1 Drug Delivery 6.2.4.2 Protein/Gene Therapy 6.3 Conclusions and Future Challenges References Chapter 7 Structural Evolution, Mechanical Features, and Future Possibilities of Fiber, Textile, and Nano‐cementitious Materials 7.1 History of Fiber and Textile Reinforced Concrete 7.2 Components of Cementitious Materials 7.2.1 Matrix Materials 7.2.2 Reinforcements 7.2.3 Short Discontinuous Fibers 7.2.4 Textiles/Woven 7.2.5 Advanced Nanoparticles 7.3 Mechanical Performance of Reinforced Concrete 7.3.1 Mechanical Behavior of SF Reinforced Concrete 7.3.2 Mechanical Behavior of Textile Reinforced Concrete 7.3.3 Mechanical Behavior of Nanoparticles Reinforced Concrete 7.4 Outlook and Future of Reinforced Concrete References Chapter 8 Physical and Chemical Properties of Cotton Fiber‐Based Composites 8.1 Fabrication Process for Cotton Fiber‐Reinforced Composite 8.2 Mechanical Properties of Cotton Fiber‐Reinforced Composites 8.2.1 Tensile Strength 8.2.2 Buckle Power 8.2.3 Compressive Strength 8.2.4 Impact Strength 8.2.5 Hardness 8.2.6 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) 8.2.7 Water Absorption Test 8.2.8 Microscopic Morphology 8.2.9 Fourier Transformation by Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) Analysis 8.2.10 Investigation of Transmission Electron Microscope 8.3 Life Cycle and Environmental Assessment of Cotton Fibers Reinforced Composites 8.4 The Durability of Cotton Fiber‐Reinforced Composites 8.5 Conclusions References Chapter 9 Properties of Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Carbon Nanotubes Family 9.2.1 Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotube (SWCNT) 9.2.2 Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube (MWCNT) 9.3 Properties of CNTs 9.3.1 Mechanical Properties 9.3.2 Thermal Properties 9.3.3 Electrical Properties 9.3.4 Electronic Properties 9.3.5 Field‐Emission Properties 9.4 Conclusion Acknowledgment References Chapter 10 Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Sisal Fiber‐Based Composites 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Mechanical Properties of Sisal Fiber‐Reinforced Composites 10.2.1 Tensile Properties 10.2.2 Flexural Properties 10.2.3 Impact Properties 10.2.4 Hardness 10.3 Thermal Behavior of Sisal Fiber‐Reinforced Polymer Composites 10.3.1 Thermal Stability 10.3.2 Glass Transition Temperature 10.4 Conclusion References Chapter 11 Mechanical, Electrical, Magnetic, and Smart Properties of Synthetic Fiber Composites 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Mechanical Properties of FRP 11.2.1 Tensile Properties 11.2.2 Flexural Properties 11.2.3 Interlaminar Properties 11.2.3.1 ILSS and IFSS 11.2.3.2 Interlaminar Fracture Toughness 11.3 Influential Parameters on Mechanical Properties of FRP 11.3.1 Influence of Fiber Types 11.3.2 Influence of Matrix 11.3.3 Effect of Nanofillers 11.3.4 Electrical Properties 11.3.5 Magnetic and Electromagnetic Properties 11.3.6 Electromagnetic Properties: EMI Shielding 11.4 Smart Properties 11.4.1 Shape Memory Composites 11.4.2 Self‐Healing Composites References Chapter 12 Thermal Properties of Natural Based Fibers Composites 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Natural Fibers 12.2.1 Natural Plant Fibers 12.2.2 Resins 12.2.3 Fillers 12.3 Thermo‐gravimetric Investigation 12.3.1 Isothermic and Non‐isothermic Thermo‐gravimetric Investigation 12.3.2 Equation of Coats–Redfern 12.3.3 Equation of Horowitz–Metzger 12.4 Choice of Substance Based on TGI 12.5 Common Fibril‐Strengthened Compounds 12.5.1 Thermosetting Compounds 12.5.2 Laminate Agrochemical Compounds 12.6 Common Fiber‐Strengthened Bio Agrochemical Compounds 12.7 Blend of Nano Compounds 12.8 Conclusion and Summary References Chapter 13 Thermic and Mechanical Valuables of Synthetic Based Fibers Blend Compounds 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Synthetic Fibers 13.2.1 Carbon Fibrils 13.2.2 Glass Fibrils 13.3 Blend Fibril‐Based Agrochemical Compounds 13.3.1 Synthetic Reinforced Hybrid Composites 13.3.2 Implementations of Polymerized Fibril Agrochemical Hybrid Compounds 13.4 Thermal Characteristics of Blend Polymerized Fibril Strengthened Compounds 13.4.1 Thermal Properties of Glassy Carbon (Woven) 13.4.2 Thermal Properties of Kevlar 13.4.3 Thermal Properties of Carbon Fibrils 13.4.4 Thermal Properties of Basalt Fibers Reinforced Composites 13.5 Mechanical and Physical Characteristics of Blend Fiber Compounds 13.5.1 Epoxy Based‐Hybrid Composites 13.5.2 Polyester Based Hybrid Composites 13.5.3 (C2H4)n Basis of Blend Compounds 13.5.4 Thermo‐Cool Basis of Blend Compounds 13.6 Conclusions and Summary References Chapter 14 Advancement of Natural Fiber‐Based Polymer Composites 14.1 Introduction of Synthetic Fiber 14.1.1 Fiber‐Reinforced Plastic (FRP) Composites 14.2 Classification of Natural Fibers 14.2.1 Plant Fibers 14.2.1.1 Seed Fibers 14.2.1.2 Leaf Fibers 14.2.1.3 Bast Fibers 14.2.1.4 Stalk Fibers 14.2.2 Animal Fibers 14.2.2.1 Wool 14.2.2.2 Mohair 14.2.2.3 Cashmere 14.2.2.4 Alpaca Hair 14.2.2.5 Angora Hair 14.2.2.6 Silk Fiber 14.2.2.7 Avian Fiber 14.2.3 Mineral Fibers 14.3 Synthesis and Production of Natural Fibers 14.3.1 Extraction of Fibers 14.3.2 Extraction and Processing of Plant‐Based Fiber 14.3.3 Extraction and Processing of Animal Fiber 14.3.3.1 Animal Wool and Hair Fiber Processing 14.3.3.2 Silk Fiber Processing 14.3.3.3 Feather and Avian Fiber 14.3.4 Extraction and Processing of Mineral Fiber 14.3.4.1 Asbestos 14.3.4.2 Ceramic Fiber 14.3.4.3 Metal Fiber 14.4 Treatment and Enhancement of Natural Fiber 14.4.1 Physical Treatment 14.4.1.1 Mechanical Treatment 14.4.1.2 Solvent Extraction 14.4.1.3 Electric Discharge 14.4.2 Chemical Treatment 14.4.2.1 Alkaline Treatment (Mercerization) 14.4.2.2 Acetone Treatment 14.4.2.3 Peroxide (Benzoylation) Treatment 14.4.2.4 Silane Coupling Agents (Silanization) 14.4.3 Biological Treatment 14.5 Fabrication of Techniques of NFRC 14.5.1 Hand Lay‐up Technique 14.5.2 Vacuum Infusion Molding 14.5.3 Spray Lay‐up Technique 14.5.4 Pultrusion 14.5.5 Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) 14.6 Mechanical Performance of Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites (NFRP) 14.6.1 Influence of Chemical Treatment 14.7 Effect of Hybridization 14.7.1 Fiber Percentage (%) 14.8 Effect of Hybridization and Its Application of Nanofiber 14.8.1 Effect of Hybridization of Nanofibers Over Mechanical and Tribological Fibers 14.8.2 Nano‐based Fibers 14.8.3 Synthesis of Nanofiber by Using the Electro‐spinning Process 14.9 Preparation and Characterization of Nanofibers 14.9.1 Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) Fibers 14.9.2 Alumina Fibers 14.9.3 BaTiO3 Nanofiber 14.10 Applications of Electrospun Nanofibers 14.10.1 Nanofibers in Air Filtration 14.10.2 Nanofiber in Water Filtration 14.10.3 Recycled PET (RPET) Nanofibers for Water Filtration 14.10.4 Energy Conversion and Storage Device 14.10.5 Nanofibers in Solar Cells 14.10.6 Nanofiber‐Based Li–S and LiO2 Batteries 14.11 Conclusions References Chapter 15 Recent Advancements in the Natural Fiber‐Reinforced Polymer Composites 15.1 Introduction 15.1.1 Natural Fibers 15.1.2 Natural Fiber‐Reinforced Composites 15.2 Natural Fiber‐Reinforced Polymer Composites (NFRCs) 15.3 Advancement in Natural Fiber‐Reinforced Composites 15.4 Mechanical Properties of NFRCs 15.4.1 Fiber Treatment and Modification 15.4.2 Chemical Treatment 15.4.3 Coupling Agent 15.4.4 Fiber Hybridization 15.5 Reinforcement with Nanocellulosic Fillers 15.6 Flame Retardant Properties of the NFRCs 15.7 Water Absorption Characteristics of the NFRCs 15.8 Advancement of Conventional Manufacturing Processes 15.9 3D Printing in NFRCs 15.10 Natural Fiber‐Reinforced Polymer Composites Application 15.11 Summary and Prospects Acknowledgments References Index EULA Introduction to Glass Fiber-Based Composites and Structures / Jay Prakash Srivastava, Pankaj Kumar -- Synthesis of Cotton Fiber and Its Structure / Pankaj Kumar, Cherala Sai Ram, Jay P Srivastava, Arun K Behura, Ashwini Kumar -- Fundamentals of Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Composite and Structures / Rupita Ghosh, Subhadip Das, Sarada P Mallick, Rajan -- Introduction to Semisynthetic and Synthetic Fiber Based Composites / Vishal N Sulakhe -- Tribological Properties of Natural Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites / A Muthuraja, Dipen Kumar Rajak -- Nonstructural Applications of Synthetic Fibers Composites / Ashish Gupta, Pankaj Kumar, Mandeep Singh, Hema Garg, Anisha Chaudhary, Sanjay R Dhakate -- Structural Evolution, Mechanical Features, and Future Possibilities of Fiber, Textile, and Nano-cementitious Materials / Prashant Rawat, Sai Liu, Deju Zhu -- Physical and Chemical Properties of Cotton Fiber-Based Composites / Pankaj Kumar, Cherala Sai Ram, Jay P Srivastava, Ashwini Kumar, Arun K Behura -- Properties of Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) / Vijay K Singh, Puneet Kumar, Sunil K Yadav, Chandrasekhar Saran, Kaki V Rao -- Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Sisal Fiber-Based Composites / Vivek Mishra, Alok Agrawal, Saurabh Chandraker, Abhishek Sharma -- Mechanical, Electrical, Magnetic, and Smart Properties of Synthetic Fiber Composites / Hema Garg, Jayashree Mohanty, Abhishek K Pathak, Ashish Gupta, Satish Teotia, Bipin Kumar -- Thermal Properties of Natural Based Fibers Composites / Ashwini Kumar, Arun K Behura, Dipen K Rajak, Pankaj Kumar -- Thermic and Mechanical Valuables of Synthetic Based Fibers Blend Compounds / Arun K Behura, Ashwini Kumar, Dipen K Rajak, Pankaj Kumar -- Advancement of Natural Fiber-Based Polymer Composites / Sivaramakrishnan Natesan, Biswajit Parida, Nithya Natesan, Muthuraja Ayyankalai, Waleed Alhazmi, Anil K Deepati -- Recent Advancements in the Natural Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites / Satish Teotia, Anisha Chaudhary, Ashish Gupta, Hema Garg