Nanovaccinology : Clinical Application of Nanostructured Materials Research to Translational Medicine

This book provides an overview of the cumulative work on a driving force for innovation in medicine and modern healthcare, boosting advances in therapeutics, biosensors, vaccines, and clinical systems. The work presented shows how nanoparticles have been investigated as vaccine adjuvants because they possess chemical and structural properties that improve immunogenicity as well as the use of nanotechnology in the construction of immunization systems that has developed into the field of viral nanovaccinology. The volume highlights potential areas of research, innovation, and development of finished products for future commercialization and significant research exploration through nanoparticles that prove capable of surmounting most of the barriers like toxicity issues, clearance from biological system, DNA instability, and differences in expression systems. The contributing authors review the primary literature on principles, limitations, and recent breakthroughsin nanoparticle-based antigen delivery vehicles, their use in different diseases, the major bottlenecks, and related issues. Highlighting advances in nanoparticle engineering and the understanding of nanoparticle characteristics as well as critical legacy work dome in the field of nanobiotechnology, the book is ideal for a range of researchers and students in the pure and applied sciences devoted to nanomaterials, vaccinology, and translational medicine. Preface Contents Chapter 1: Diversities of Various Nanomaterials-Based Vaccines for Healthcare Applications 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Role of Nanoparticles as Adjuvants in Vaccines 1.2.1 Nanoparticles in Vaccine 1.2.1.1 Nanoparticles as Adjuvants in Vaccines 1.2.2 Role of Metallic Nanoparticle 1.2.3 Carbohydrates Containing Nanoparticles as Vaccines 1.2.4 Polymer-Based Nanoparticles 1.2.5 Nanomaterial Vaccines 1.2.5.1 Concept of Nanomaterial-Based Vaccines 1.2.5.2 Current Market Scenario of Nanomaterial-Based Vaccines 1.2.6 Inorganic Nanoparticles 1.2.6.1 Liposomes 1.2.6.2 VLPs (Virus-Like Particles) 1.2.6.3 Dendrimers 1.3 Applications of Nanomaterials-Based Vaccines in Healthcare 1.4 Challenges in the Development of Nano-Based Vaccines 1.5 Future Perspectives 1.6 Conclusions References Chapter 2: Nanomedicine: Insight Analysis of Emerging Biomedical Research and Developments 2.1 Scope of Nanomedicine 2.1.1 Nanomedicine: R&D in Prophylaxis 2.1.2 Nanomedicine: R&D in Diagnostics 2.1.3 Nanomedicine in Therapeutics 2.1.3.1 Nanomedicine in Drug Delivery 2.1.3.1.1 Polymer-Based Nanoparticles 2.1.3.1.2 Lipid-Based NPs 2.1.3.1.3 Nonpolymeric Nanoparticles 2.2 Nanoparticles in Cancer Diagnosis 2.2.1 Nanoparticles in Bioimaging/Biosensing 2.2.2 Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery 2.3 Challenges in Nanomedicine R & D 2.4 Future Perspectives References Chapter 3: Nanomedicine: Therapeutic Approach of Vaccinology to Fight Against SARS/COVID-19 3.1 Detection of SARS/COVID-19 3.2 Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 3.2.1 Colorimetric 3.2.2 Biosensor 3.3 Types of Nanocarrier for Delivery of Drugs 3.3.1 Liposomes 3.3.2 Dendrimer 3.3.3 Polymer-Based Nanoparticles 3.3.4 Coating with PEG 3.3.5 Nanosuspension 3.3.6 Nanoemulsions 3.4 Conclusion References Chapter 4: Drug Delivery and Therapeutics for the Treatment of Infectious Diseases 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Conventional Drug Delivery and Therapeutics for Infectious Diseases 4.3 Drug Delivery Systems (DDS) to Combat Infectious Diseases 4.3.1 Polymer-Based Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery System 4.3.1.1 Dendrimers 4.3.1.2 Polymeric Micelles 4.3.1.3 Niosomes 4.3.1.4 Nanocapsules 4.3.1.5 Nanosphere 4.3.2 Lipid-Based NPs (LBNP) 4.3.2.1 Liposomes 4.3.2.2 Solid Lipid NPs (SLN) 4.3.2.3 Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLCs) 4.3.3 Metal-Based Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery System 4.3.3.1 Metal Colloids 4.3.3.2 Carbon Nanotubes 4.3.3.3 Fullerene 4.3.3.4 Gold Nanoshells 4.3.3.5 Silicone NPs 4.3.3.6 Quantum Dots 4.3.4 Biologicals 4.4 Biomimetic/Bioinspired Nano Therapies to Combat Infectious Diseases 4.4.1 Biomimetic NPs for Treatment 4.4.2 Biomimetic/Bioinspired NPs as Vaccines 4.5 Oral Nanobiotics: Delivery and Therapy for Infectious Diseases 4.5.1 Benefits of Nanoantibiotics 4.5.2 Drawbacks of Nanoantibiotics 4.6 Future Scope, Emerging Trends, and Road Ahead References Chapter 5: Emerging Vaccine for the Treatment of Cancer Via Nanotechnology 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Cancer and Treatments May Weaken Immunity 5.3 Cancer Treatments That Use the Immune System 5.4 Cellular Genomic Changes and Cancer 5.5 How Mutations Will Happen in the Cells 5.6 What Are Cancer and Cancer Immunotherapy? 5.6.1 The Current Status of Vaccines and Cancers 5.6.2 Nanovaccines and Their Advantages 5.6.3 Nanoparticles Incorporated with Cancer Vaccines 5.6.3.1 Lack of Specificity 5.6.3.2 Enhancement of Physical Proximity of Immune Cells 5.6.3.3 Immunosuppression Reduction 5.6.3.4 Activation of Immune System 5.6.3.5 Combination of Immunosuppressive Intervention and Immune Activation 5.6.3.6 Nanoparticles Combining with Traditional Methods of Cancer Treatment 5.6.4 Need for Vaccines with Specificity 5.6.5 Types of Nanovaccines for Cancer Therapy (Fig. 5.14) 5.6.5.1 The Background of Nanovaccines for Anticancer Therapies 5.6.5.1.1 Nanoparticles Coated with Cell Membrane as Antibacterial Vaccine 5.6.5.2 Anticancer Vaccines with Nanoparticles Coated by Cell Membrane 5.7 Conclusion References Weblink Chapter 6: Benefits of Molecular Medicine from Self-Assembled Nanostructured Materials 6.1 Introduction to Self-Assembled Nanostructured Materials 6.2 Description of Nanostructures Formed by Self-Assembly 6.2.1 Peptide Nanostructures Formed by Self-Assembly 6.2.1.1 Nanofibers 6.2.1.2 Nanotubes 6.2.1.3 Nanoparticles 6.2.1.4 Nano-tapes 6.2.1.5 Hydrogels 6.2.1.6 Hydrophobic Dipeptides 6.2.2 Lipid-Based Self-Assembled Nanostructures 6.2.2.1 Liposomes 6.2.2.2 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN) 6.2.2.3 Lipid Nano-capsules (LNC) 6.2.2.4 Microemulsions 6.2.2.5 Self-Microemulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (SMEDDS) 6.3 Types of Self Assembled Systems 6.3.1 Discrete System Versus Continuum System 6.3.2 Static Self-Assembly Versus Dynamic Self-Assembly 6.4 Applications of Self-Assembled Nanostructures 6.5 Techniques for Characterization of Self-Assembled Nanostructures 6.5.1 Atomic Force Microscopy 6.5.2 Electron Microscopy 6.5.2.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy 6.5.2.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy 6.5.2.3 High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy 6.5.2.4 Liquid Transmission Electron Microscopy 6.5.2.5 Cryo-Electron Microscopy 6.5.3 Focused Ion Beam 6.5.4 Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy 6.5.5 X-Ray Diffraction 6.5.6 Differential Scanning Calorimetry 6.5.7 Thermogravimetric Analysis 6.6 Advantages of Self-Assembled Nanostructured Materials 6.6.1 Synthesis 6.6.2 Functionalization 6.6.3 Biocompatibility 6.7 Mechanisms of Molecular Self-Assembly 6.8 Benefits of Molecular Medicine from Self-Assembled Nanostructured Materials 6.9 Challenges When Using Self-Assembled Nanostructures in Molecular Medicine 6.9.1 Size Control 6.9.2 Stability of Nanostructures in Liquid Environment 6.9.3 Manipulation 6.9.4 Conductivity 6.10 Conclusion References Chapter 7: Functional Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Avenues for Nanomedicinal Research 7.1 Research Background and Overviews 7.2 Metal Oxide Nanoparticles 7.2.1 Properties and Biomedical Applications 7.2.2 Synthesis of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles 7.2.3 Physical and Chemical Characterization of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles 7.2.4 Functionalization Strategies 7.3 Advances of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Nanomedicine and Diagnostics 7.3.1 Imaging Techniques and Brain Tumor Detection 7.3.2 Cancer Diagnostics and Therapy 7.3.3 Drug and Gene Delivery Applications 7.4 Assessment of Safety Aspects of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles 7.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives References Chapter 8: Recent Advancement of Nanostructured Materials for Clinical Challenges in Vaccinology 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Nanostructured Materials-Based Nanovaccines 8.2.1 Key Features of Nanovaccines 8.2.2 Types of Nanostructured Materials Used in Nanovaccines 8.2.3 Impact of NPs Size on Immunogenicity 8.3 Characterization of Nanostructured Materials for Nanovaccines 8.4 Stability Testing of Nanostructured Materials 8.4.1 In Vitro Immunostimulation and Toxicology Testing 8.4.2 In Vivo Preclinical Testing 8.5 Achievements of Nanovaccines and Remaining Challenges 8.6 Nanovaccines in Clinical Use and in Clinical Trials 8.7 Future of Nanovaccines 8.8 Comparative Study of NPs Suitable for Vaccine Development 8.9 Perspectives and Opportunities for Nanostructured Materials in Vaccine Arena 8.10 Concluding Remarks References Chapter 9: Flexibility in the Design of Nanomedicine Using Biomimetic Immunomodulatory 9.1 Overview of Immune System and Immunomodulators 9.2 Nanoparticles for Immunostimulation 9.3 Emergence of Biomimetic Nanoparticles 9.4 Disease Applications of Biomimetic Nanoparticles 9.4.1 Cancer 9.4.2 Cardiovascular Disease 9.4.3 Infectious Disease 9.4.4 Autoimmune Disease 9.4.5 Vaccination 9.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects Bibliography Chapter 10: Green Nanotechnology Revolution in Biomedical Application and Treatments 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Role of Gold Particles 10.3 Green Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery Approach 10.4 Green Nanotechnology Evaluation of Therapeutic Efficacy 10.5 Application of Green Nanotechnology in Biomedicine 10.5.1 Applications of Cobalt and Cobalt Oxide NPs 10.5.2 Applications of Gold and Silver Nanoparticles 10.5.3 Green Microwave Synthesis of ZnO and CeO2 Nanorods for Infectious Diseases Control 10.5.4 Applications of Tin Oxide Nanoparticles 10.5.5 Platinum Nanoparticles on Biomedicine 10.6 Applications of Green Synthesized Nanoparticles in Biomedical Engineering 10.6.1 Bioimaging 10.6.2 Tissue Engineering 10.6.3 Antibacterial Activity 10.7 Conclusion References Chapter 11: Nanoparticles Function as Delivery Systems for Immune Potentiation 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Nanocarriers as Drug Delivery Systems 11.2.1 Types of NCs and Their Classification 11.3 Inorganic NCs 11.3.1 Gold NCs 11.3.2 Ceramic NCs 11.3.3 Carbon-Based NCs 11.3.4 Quantum Dots 11.3.5 Magnetic NCs 11.3.6 Mesoporous NCs 11.4 Organic NCs 11.4.1 Solid Lipid NCs (SLNCs) 11.4.2 Liposomes 11.4.3 Polymeric Micelles (PMs) 11.4.4 Dendrimers 11.4.5 Polymeric Nanocarriers 11.5 Hybrid NCs 11.6 Safety Concerns and Future Perspectives 11.7 Conclusion References Chapter 12: Gold Nanoparticle Preparation for Antibodies and Optimization Against Infections 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Synthesis and Properties of GNPs for the Synthesis of Antibodies and Vaccine Development 12.2.1 Synthesis of GNPs 12.2.1.1 Top-Down Approach 12.2.1.2 Bottom-Up Approach 12.2.2 Properties of GNPs 12.3 Functionalization of GNPs 12.4 Characterization of GNPs Functionalized with Antibiotics 12.5 Applications of GNPS 12.5.1 Designing Antibacterial Vaccines 12.5.2 Use of GNPs in Antiviral Immunization 12.5.2.1 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) 12.5.2.2 Hepatitis B 12.5.2.3 Hepatitis C 12.5.2.4 Dengue 12.5.3 Application of GNPs in Anti-parasitic Immunization 12.5.4 Therapeutics 12.6 Recent Developments in the Experimental and Theoretical Areas of Antibiotic GNP Functionalization 12.7 Application of GNPs in Medicine and Antibiotic Developments 12.8 Drug Delivery by GNPs 12.8.1 Plasmid Deoxyribonucleic Acid (pDNA) Vector Delivery 12.8.2 Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) Delivery 12.9 Advantages of GNPs as Future Smart Materials 12.10 Limitations of GNPs 12.11 Conclusions and Future Applications References Chapter 13: Emerging Vaccine for the Treatment of Cancer via Nanotechnology 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Mechanism of Cancer Vaccines 13.3 Cancer Vaccine Composition 13.4 Nanomaterials for Cancer Vaccine Delivery 13.4.1 Stimuli-Activatable Cancer Vaccines 13.4.2 Self-Adjuvant Cancer Vaccines 13.4.3 Modularly Assembled Cancer Vaccines 13.5 DNA- or RNA-Based Nanovaccines 13.6 Cancer Vaccines Based on Biomimetic Nanomaterials 13.7 Conclusion References Chapter 14: Nanostructured Materials–Enabled Biosensors for Drug Delivery and Medical Diagnosis 14.1 Introduction 14.1.1 What Are Biosensors? 14.1.2 Classification of Biosensors 14.1.3 Why Nanostructured Materials–Based Biosensors? 14.1.4 Evaluation of Biosensors 14.2 Biosensors for Drug Delivery 14.2.1 Limit of Detection (LOD) 14.2.2 Application of Biosensors 14.3 Nanostructured Materials–Based Biosensors for Medical Diagnosis 14.3.1 Enzyme-Based Biosensors 14.3.2 Antibody (Ab)-Based Biosensors 14.3.3 Immobilization-Based Biosensors 14.3.4 Electrochemical Biosensors 14.4 Conclusion References Chapter 15: Nanoparticle as an Effective Tool for the Diagnosis of Diseases and Vaccinology 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Types of Nanoparticles Used in Diagnosis and Vaccinology 15.2.1 Polymeric Nanoparticles 15.2.2 Inorganic Nanoparticles 15.2.3 Liposomes 15.2.4 Immunostimulating Complex (ISCOM) 15.2.5 Virus-Like Particles (VLPs) 15.2.6 Self-Assembled Proteins 15.2.7 Emulsions 15.2.8 Dendrimers 15.2.9 Nanotubes 15.2.10 Nanocrystals 15.2.11 Nanorobots 15.2.12 Nanowires (NWs) 15.2.13 Quantum Dots 15.3 Nanomaterial Vaccines for the Treatment and Prevention of Infectious Diseases 15.4 Nanomaterial Vaccines for the Treatment and Prevention of Cancer 15.5 Dosage and Antigenicity of Nanoparticles 15.6 Biodegradation and Elimination of Nanoparticles 15.7 Contraindications and Adverse Effects 15.8 Future Scope of Nanoparticles in Diagnosis and Vaccinology 15.9 Conclusion References Chapter 16: Green Nanotechnology Approaches in Vaccinology: Advantages and Disadvantages in Biomedical Sciences 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Nanovaccine 16.2.1 Green Nanotechnology in Vaccines 16.2.2 Factors Determining the Successful Development of Nanovaccines 16.2.3 Nanocarriers for Vaccine Delivery 16.2.3.1 Organic Nanocarriers 16.2.3.1.1 Exosome Vaccines 16.2.3.1.2 Liposome Vaccines 16.2.3.1.3 Virus-Like Particles (VLPs) 16.2.3.1.4 Self-Assembled Proteins 16.2.3.2 Inorganic Nanoparticles as Vaccines 16.2.3.2.1 Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticle 16.2.3.2.2 Gold Nanoparticle 16.2.3.2.3 Carbon Nanoparticle 16.2.3.2.4 Silica Nanoparticles (SiNPs) 16.3 Biomedical Applications of Nanovaccines 16.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Nanovaccines 16.5 Conclusions, Outlook and Future Aspects References Chapter 17: Clinical Applications of Nanovaccine Formulation Technology Market Research 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Potential Vaccine Delivery Vehicles: Different Types of Nanoparticles 17.3 Virus-Like Particles (VLPs) 17.4 Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Vaccine Based on VLP 17.5 VLP-Based Vaccine for Human Papillomavirus (HPV) 17.6 Hepatitis E Vaccine Based on VLPs 17.7 Proteins That Self-Assemble as Nanovaccine 17.8 Micelles 17.9 Liposomes-Based Nanovaccine 17.10 Inorganic Nanoparticles 17.11 Nanoparticles of Carbon 17.12 Nanovaccines Based on Gold Nanoparticles (GNs) 17.13 Nanoparticles of Silica 17.14 Nanoparticles of Calcium 17.15 Polymers-Based Nanovaccines 17.16 Chitosan-Based Nanovaccines 17.17 Gamma-polyglutamic acid (ɣ-PGA) 17.18 Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) 17.19 Protein- and Peptides-Based Conjugated Nanovaccine 17.20 Conclusions References Chapter 18: Dosing Strategies of Nanovaccines 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Vaccine Adjuvants 18.2.1 Challenges of Oral Administration of Vaccines 18.3 Nanotechnology and Nanovaccines 18.3.1 Nanovaccines and Their Applications 18.3.2 Highlights of Polymeric/Particulate Vaccines 18.3.3 Single-Shot Vaccines 18.4 Calculating Annual Vaccine Needs from the Size of the Target Population 18.4.1 Determination of the Number of Doses for Nanovaccines 18.5 Dosing Strategies and Their Importance References Chapter 19: Concluding Remarks on Target Nanomedicine: Present and Future Aspects 19.1 Introduction 19.2 The Worldwide Market of Nanomedicines 19.2.1 Status of Food and Drug Administration (FDA)–Approved Nanoparticles and Nanoformulations 19.3 Types of Nanoformulations Used in Clinical Studies 19.3.1 Organic Nanoparticles 19.3.1.1 Liposomes 19.3.1.2 Micelles 19.3.2 Inorganic Nanoparticles 19.3.2.1 Gold Nanoparticles 19.3.2.2 Magnetic Nanoparticles 19.3.2.3 Silver Nanoparticles 19.3.2.4 Silica Nanoparticles 19.4 Status of Nanomedicine in Various Diseases 19.4.1 Brain 19.4.2 Anticancer Agents 19.4.3 Tuberculosis 19.4.4 Malaria 19.4.5 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) 19.5 Future Perspectives 19.5.1 Field of Public Health 19.5.1.1 Applications of Nanomedicines 19.5.1.2 Product Underdevelopment for Public Health 19.6 Conclusions, Outlook, and Future Aspects 19.6.1 Diagnosis References Index