Nanostructured Biomaterials for Regenerative Medicine (Woodhead Publishing Series in Biomaterials)

Nanostructured Biomaterials for Regenerative Medicine focuses on the definition of new trends for the design of biomaterials for biomedical applications. It includes the ex novo synthesis as well as technological strategies to manipulate them into appropriate two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) forms, in order to impart all the main physical, chemical, structural and biological properties requested to achieve desired clinical efficacy. This book aims at offering a concise overview of innovative platforms based on nanostructured biomaterials as a function of their chemical nature - established by a consolidated material classification i.e., polymer, ceramics and metals. For each class, emerging bioinspired systems with rapid expansion in the biomedical research area and fabricated via new enabling technologies will be proposed for the use in tissue repair/regeneration and nanomedicine. This book is an essential resource for researchers, academics and professionals interested in the potential of nanostructured biomaterials for regenerative medicine. Classifies materials into three classes for comprehensive discussion Discusses design techniques to create innovative nanostructured biomaterials Looks at enabling technologies and strategies for emerging applications Front Cover......Page 1 Nanostructured Biomaterials for Regenerative Medicine......Page 4 Copyright......Page 5 Contents......Page 6 Contributors......Page 12 Preface......Page 16 1.1 Introduction......Page 18 1.2.1 Metals......Page 19 1.2.2 Ceramics......Page 21 Proteins......Page 26 Polysaccharides......Page 27 1.2.3.2 Synthetic polymers......Page 29 1.3.1 Prostheses for tissue repair......Page 30 1.3.2 Scaffolds for tissue engineering......Page 33 1.3.3 Nanoparticles for advanced therapy and theranostic applications......Page 35 References......Page 38 2.1.1 Intended use......Page 46 2.1.3 What is an “ancillary” medicinal substance?......Page 47 2.3 Main applicable standards......Page 48 2.3.1 Biocompatibility......Page 51 2.3.2 Sterility......Page 53 2.4.1.1 Role of the in vitro and in vivo testing......Page 55 2.4.2.1 Role of the in vivo and clinical testing......Page 56 2.5.1.2 Quality control......Page 57 2.5.2 Postmarket activities: surveillance and vigilance......Page 58 2.6.1 Manufacturers......Page 59 2.6.3 Notified bodies......Page 60 2.7 Relationship between regulatory requirements and intellectual property......Page 61 References......Page 63 3.1 Introduction......Page 64 3.2.1 Nano-hydroxyapatite......Page 65 3.2.2 Nano-bioactive glass......Page 67 3.3.1 Fabrication of polymeric nanostructures......Page 68 3.3.2.1 Controlling structures of polymeric nanostructure......Page 70 3.3.2.2 Surface modification of polymeric nanostructures......Page 73 3.3.2.3 Bulk modification of polymeric nanostructures......Page 74 3.4 Metal nanostructures......Page 75 3.5.2 The applications of polymer/bioactive glass nanocomposites......Page 77 3.5.3 The application of polymer/metal nanocomposites......Page 81 3.6 The clinical products for tissue regeneration based on nanotechnologies......Page 82 3.7 Conclusion and future perspective......Page 85 References......Page 87 Further reading......Page 97 4.1 Biomaterial-related infections......Page 98 4.1.1 Bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation on biomaterial surfaces......Page 99 4.1.2 Factors influencing biofilm development on nanostructured biomaterials......Page 100 4.1.3 Fungal colonization to different biomaterials......Page 102 4.2 Antimicrobial strategies to prevent and control biofilm formation......Page 103 4.2.1 Modification of the surface topography at the micro-nanoscale......Page 104 4.2.2 Thin organic or inorganic films consisting of polymeric molecules or materials with intrinsic antibacterial pro .........Page 107 4.2.2.2 Silver......Page 108 4.2.2.4 Zinc......Page 109 4.2.2.6 Others......Page 112 4.2.3.1 Polymer brushes......Page 118 4.2.3.2 Quaternary ammonium compounds......Page 119 4.2.3.3 N -halamines, N -chloramines......Page 122 4.2.3.4 Antimicrobial peptides......Page 123 4.2.3.5 Integration of antibiotic agents......Page 125 4.2.4 Ion implantation or plasmas......Page 126 4.3.1 Nature of the microbial infection......Page 127 4.3.2 Limitations of the methods and techniques used to evaluate the growth of biofilms on biomaterials......Page 128 4.4 Conclusions and future trends in the development of antibacterial strategies......Page 134 References......Page 136 Part One: Polymers and composites......Page 156 5.1 Introduction......Page 158 5.2 Natural body response to injury and regenerative medicine......Page 160 5.3 MI technology......Page 162 5.4 Design and synthesis of MIPs......Page 163 5.4.1 Covalent, noncovalent and semicovalent approaches......Page 164 5.4.2 Synthetic strategies and polymerization methods......Page 166 5.5 MI and TE......Page 169 5.5.1 MIP-based scaffolds......Page 170 5.5.2.1 Cell-membrane-MI strategy......Page 173 5.5.2.2 Whole cell imprinting strategy......Page 174 5.6 Conclusions and future perspectives......Page 175 References......Page 176 Further reading......Page 180 6.1 Introduction......Page 182 6.2.1 Cellulose and carboxymethyl cellulose......Page 184 6.2.2 Chitosan......Page 185 6.2.3 Sodium alginate......Page 187 6.3 Composites and hybrid materials for molecular release......Page 188 6.4.1 Calcium carbonate......Page 189 6.4.2 Calcium phosphate......Page 191 6.4.3 Magnetite......Page 192 6.4.5 Zinc oxide......Page 195 6.4.6 Silicon dioxide......Page 196 6.4.8 Graphene and GO......Page 197 6.4.10 Montmorillonite and clays......Page 202 6.5 Conclusive remarks......Page 205 References......Page 207 7.2.1 Materials: Magnetic nanoparticles......Page 220 7.2.2 Self-assembly process......Page 222 7.2.3 Remote control......Page 226 7.3.1 Materials: Carbon nanotubes......Page 229 7.3.2 Dielectrophoresis......Page 231 7.4 Future perspectives......Page 235 References......Page 236 Further reading......Page 237 Part Two: Ceramics......Page 238 8.2.1 Getting inspired by nature: Nanostructured calcium phosphates in biomineralizations......Page 240 Biological CaPs......Page 241 Thermodynamic stability of CaPs in their biological media......Page 243 Synthesis methods......Page 245 Physicochemical properties......Page 248 Characterization methods......Page 251 8.3.1 Scaffolds......Page 253 8.3.2 Coatings......Page 254 8.3.3 Cements......Page 255 8.3.4 Composites......Page 256 8.4 Nanomedicine applications......Page 257 8.5 Conclusion and perspectives......Page 259 References......Page 260 Further reading......Page 271 9.1 Introduction......Page 272 9.2 Interaction between silicate-based nanoceramics and the biological environment......Page 273 9.3.2 Porous silicate bioceramics......Page 275 9.3.4 Nanofibrous silicate bioceramics......Page 276 9.4.2 Bone repair......Page 277 9.4.3 Wound healing......Page 279 9.4.4 Drug delivery......Page 280 9.5 Synthesis and processing techniques for silicate-based nanoceramics......Page 282 9.6 Silicate-based nanoceramic-containing composites......Page 284 9.7 Conclusions and future scope......Page 285 References......Page 286 10.1 Introduction......Page 292 10.2 Crystallization of Bioactive glasses and impact on bioactivity......Page 295 10.3.1 Controlled crystallization of glasses and impact on the materials’ intrinsic properties......Page 298 10.4 Nanostructured glass and glass-ceramics......Page 302 10.5 Summary......Page 305 References......Page 306 11.1 Introduction......Page 310 11.2 Inorganic nanoparticles for stem cell tracking......Page 311 11.3 Inorganic nanoparticles used as implant coatings......Page 314 11.3.1 Antimicrobial activity......Page 316 11.3.2 Instructive surface for bone and dental applications......Page 317 11.4.1 Nanocomposite hydrogels......Page 318 11.4.2 Nanocomposite colloidal gels......Page 319 11.4.3 Inorganic nanoparticles as cross-linkers......Page 320 11.5 Summary and future outlook......Page 323 References......Page 325 Part Three: Metals......Page 330 12.1 Introduction......Page 332 12.2 Techniques of surface modification......Page 333 12.2.2 Shot peening and laser peening......Page 335 12.2.6 Ultrasonic......Page 337 12.2.7.1 Laser beam for structuring......Page 338 12.2.8 Coating......Page 339 12.3 Design of a topography......Page 340 12.4 Biological response of the designed topography......Page 341 12.5.2 Surface chemistry and charge......Page 344 12.6 Summary and future trends......Page 345 References......Page 346 13.1 State of the art and open issues of metal biomaterials for osseointegration......Page 354 13.1.1 Inflammatory response......Page 355 13.1.2 New bone formation......Page 356 13.1.3 Infection issue......Page 359 13.2.1 Protein adsorption and interaction with physiological fluids on nanostructured metal surfaces......Page 361 13.2.2 Surface modifications and coatings for apatite precipitation......Page 367 13.2.3 Cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation on the surface of nanostructured metal surfaces: the respons .........Page 371 13.2.5.1 Film contact method......Page 373 13.2.5.4 Other evaluations......Page 374 13.3.1 In vivo tests of bioactivity......Page 377 13.3.1.1 Detaching test......Page 378 13.3.2 In vivo tests for testing antibacterial action......Page 381 13.3.3 Clinical trials of nanostructured metal implants......Page 384 References......Page 385 Further reading......Page 394 14.1 Microneedle arrays—Design and fabrication......Page 396 14.1.1 Microneedles for cosmetics......Page 399 14.1.2.1 Vaccines......Page 400 14.1.2.2 Other drugs......Page 401 14.1.2.4 Cancer treatment......Page 402 14.1.2.5 Other applications—Out of the skin......Page 404 14.1.3 Microneedles for sensing applications......Page 405 14.1.4 Microneedles 4.0......Page 406 14.2 Needles at the nanoscale......Page 408 14.2.2 Nanoneedles for sensing the intracellular environment......Page 410 14.2.3 Cell mechanics......Page 412 14.2.4 Cell electrical signaling......Page 413 14.2.5 Nano-delivery......Page 414 14.2.6 Nanoneedles for detecting circulating tumor cells......Page 415 References......Page 416 Further reading......Page 423 15.1 Proteins, peptides, and growth factors......Page 424 15.2 Antibiotics......Page 431 15.4.1 Effects of sterilization......Page 435 15.4.2 Stability over time and durability in physiological conditions......Page 440 15.5 Conclusions......Page 443 References......Page 445 Index......Page 454 Back Cover......Page 468 __Nanostructured Biomaterials for Regenerative Medicine__This book is an essential resource for researchers, academics and professionals interested in the potential of nanostructured biomaterials for regenerative medicine.